Brideshead Among Forerunners of Gay Lit Opening

In today’s Independent, Boyd Tonkin identifies Patricia Highsmith’s novel on which the new film Carol is based as an early example of ground-breaking gay literature. The Lesbian romance was originally published in 1952 as The Price of Salt but under a pseudonym (Claire Morgan) to protect Highsmith’s then promising career that had begun a few years earlier with Strangers on a Train. According to Tonkin, the book sold relatively well despite the pseudonym.

Tonkin places the book’s publication into context with the then recent publication of books such as Waugh’s Brideshead Revisited:

In 1945, Evelyn Waugh could make Charles and Sebastian’s affair the fulcrum of Brideshead Revisited while leaving enough wriggle-room to make denials of physical intimacy just about plausible. From Angus Wilson’s Hemlock and After (1952) to Iris Murdoch’s The Bell (1958), a succession of major novels opened the closet door, inch by inch. Lifelong bliss might have been in short supply (as for conventionally married couples in the era’s fiction). Still, plenty of protagonists managed to avoid either suicide or conversion.

Ironically, it was less the homoerotic theme than the adultery that caused controversy for Brideshead. This is explained in Robert Murray Davis’s book Mischief in the Sun (1999). When MGM considered filming the book in 1947, it was understood by Waugh that the homosexual themes would be toned down or in the case of Anthony Blanche written out of the story. But the studio also insisted that the adulterous relationships (especially of Charles Ryder and Julia Flyte) would also have to go. That was a change too far for Waugh who went home without a contract. By the time the novel was eventually filmed in 1981 these issues no longer troubled the filmmakers.

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Two Waugh Novels Make BBC’s Top 100 List

The BBC recently conducted a poll of literary critics outside the UK to determine their choices of the 100 greatest British novels. Novels written by Irish or other non-British authors were excluded. The poll included 82 critics who were each asked to name their top 10 British novels, with 10 points accorded to their number one choice. Two of Waugh’s novels make the list: No. 37 Decline and Fall and No. 84 Scoop. Other novelists of Waugh’s generation on the list include Virginia Woolf with four, Graham Greene with three, D.H. Lawrence, George Orwell and Ford Maddox Ford with two each, and Anthony Powell, Henry Green, Elizabeth Bowen and P.G. Wodehouse with one each. Books published as multiple separate volumes such as Parade’s End and Dance to the Music of Time count as one novel. The top 10 were (in reverse order):

10. Vanity Fair (William Makepeace Thackeray, 1848)
9. Frankenstein (Mary Shelley, 1818)
8. David Copperfield (Charles Dickens, 1850)
7. Wuthering Heights (Emily Brontë, 1847)
6. Bleak House (Charles Dickens, 1853)
5. Jane Eyre (Charlotte Brontë, 1847)
4. Great Expectations (Charles Dickens, 1861)
3. Mrs. Dalloway (Virginia Woolf, 1925)
2. To the Lighthouse (Virginia Woolf, 1927)
1. Middlemarch (George Eliot, 1874)

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Waugh Novel Recommended in Gift List

A Waugh novel has been selected for a list of potential gifts to be given to “conservative gentlemen.” The list appears on the weblog The Imaginative Conservative. The criteria for inclusion provide that the gift must be “quality if not
costly” (avoiding ties, slippers, sweaters and pipes) and begin with the letter B, thereby making it a “B-list.” Other articles on the list include bourbon, beard balm and badger-hair shaving brushes.  The Waugh novel selected is:

Brideshead Re-Visited [sic]– Evelyn Waugh was, perhaps, the perfect fogey. A delightful curmudgeon, he crafted some of the most hilarious stories in modern English literature. He called Brideshead Re-Visited his “GEM—Great English Masterpiece” and so it is. The book needs to be read, but the award-winning 1981 English television series is one of the most faithful book-to-film adaptations available. To view the series is to step into a golden England which, even in Waugh’s time, was fading away. Don’t worry too much about the flamboyant “aestheticism” in the opening episodes. It is all resolved in the end with a satisfying “twitch on the thread.”

I’m not so sure Waugh ever referred to the novel as the “Great English Masterpiece” and even less so as the “GEM.” No source is cited. A Google search traces those terms back no further than 2014 to an article by Dwight Longenecker that appeared, inter alia, in this same conservative weblog. Waugh somewhat jokingly referred to the book several times in letters as his “Magnum Opus” or “M.O.”  Writing on 29 January 1945 (to his wife) and 17 January 1945 (to Nancy Mitford), he mentions what he describes as Mitford’s preferred reference to it as the “G.E.C. (Great English Classic)”.  Letters, pp. 182, 184, 189, 198-99; Letters of Nancy Mitford and Evelyn Waugh, pp. 14-15. But “masterpiece” may be a stretch.

 

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Waugh Included in “More Letters of Note”

Waugh’s 1942 letter to his wife recounting the disastrous results of his army unit’s attempt to remove a tree stump from the garden of a Scottish aristocrat has now been included in a collection entitled More Letters of Note, edited by Shaun Usher. It was previously read out at the Hay Festival in a performance called Letters Live and was then read by Geoffrey Palmer in an online video. See earlier post.  The book’s introduction to the letter explains that at the time it was written, Laura Waugh found herself:

Back home, in dire need of some light relief, holding fort whilst just weeks away from the birth of their fourth child, Margaret. Entertainment soon arrived in the form of a letter from her husband in which he expertly and with pitch-perfect comic timing told the story of a tree stump on the Earl of Glasgow’s estate.

Other letters in the collection from members of Waugh’s generation include one from Aldous Huxley to George Orwell in 1949 thanking him for a copy of 1984 and explaining how much better it would been if it had been written like Brave New World. There is also a 1937 letter to 19 year old Jessica Mitford written by her but as from a French friend with a coded explanation of Jessica’s elopement with Esmond Romilly to the Spanish Civil War. The subterfuge was good enough to provide cover until they were safely beyond the border.

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Waugh’s Pick-Me-Up Cocktail

A New Zealand-based news website (Stuff.co.nz) has included a Waugh-sourced cocktail  in an article (“Three ways with
festive fizz“) recommending drinks for the holiday. This is called a “Firestarter,” and Waugh is cited as having introduced it in his writings. Waugh actually suggested it as a cure for a hangover, recommended to him by his friend Alistair Graham, rather than an aperitif as it it designated in the article. See earlier post. The drink is mentioned in Waugh’s 1930 travel book Labels  (retitled A Bachelor Abroad in the U.S.):

…I commend [this drink] to anyone in need of a wholesome and easily accessible pick-me-up. [Alistair] took a large tablet of beet sugar (an equivalent quantity of ordinary lump sugar does equally well) and soaked it in Angostura Bitters and then rolled it in Cayenne pepper. This he put unto [sic] a large glass which he filled with champagne. The sugar and Angostura enrich the wine and take away the slight acidity which renders even the best champagne slightly repugnant in the early morning. Each bubble as it rises to the surface carries with it a red grain of pepper, so that as one drinks one’s appetite is at once stimulated and gratified, heat and cold, fire and liquid, contending on one’s palate and alternating in the mastery of one’s sensations.

Waugh does not refer to the drink as a “Firestarter” so that appellation may derive from a different source. The recipe (for 6 drinks) provided in the article is as follows:

6 sugar cubes
3 teaspoons Angostura Bitters
1 teaspoon cayenne pepper
1 x 750ml bottle sparkling wine (Lindauer Brut is perfect)

Put the sugar cubes in a small bowl and pour the bitters over them. Sprinkle over the cayenne pepper, turning the sugar cubes to ensure they are coated on all sides. To serve, put a sugar cube in a champagne flute, then top with the sparkling wine (go slowly, it will fizz like mad).

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Waugh Named Author of the Week

A Durham University based weblog (The Bubble) has named Waugh its “Author of the Week.” Here’s an excerpt from their supporting statement:

Waugh’s education in Oxford fostered a deep love of country house society which influenced many of his novels, the most prominent of which being Brideshead Revisited. Waugh’s experience serving as a reporter on the front line during the 1935 Italian Invasion and then in World War 2 gave him huge amounts of experience upon which to draw and made him an extremely perceptive writer, able to fictionalise not only the people he met and places he went but also his mental breakdown in the 1950s.

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Unfaithful Wives in the Guardian

Novelist Piers Paul Read has compiled a list of the Top 10 Novels About Unfaithful Wives  earlier this week in the Guardian. Among those named are Lady Chatterley’s Lover, Madame Bovary and Anna Karenina. It seemed odd that there was nothing by Waugh on the list given his near obsession with this theme. A commenter soon put that right:

No mention of Brenda Last in Waugh’s A Handful of Dust. There’s also Virginia Crouchback in his Sword of Honour, whose son by her hairdresser will inherit her husband’s estate at the end of the book.

And why not add Julia Flyte in Brideshead Revisited while we’re at it?

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Waugh on Writing x 3

Waugh scores a hat trick in today’s press with three stories citing him on the art of writing. In the Daily Express, Waugh appears in a review of the BBC’s ongoing series based on John Lanchester’s 2012 novel Capital. The reviewer, Matt Baylis, has read some of Lanchester’s novels, which he found agreeable, but he has trouble understanding the relevance of several characters in the BBC adaptation based on their dialogues. He contrasts this series with the 1981 Granada TV production of Brideshead Revisited:

…one of my favourite adapted-for-TV books was penned by a man with whom I disagree on almost every level. Evelyn Waugh, author of Brideshead Revisited, once said he had no interest in characters at all. He wasn’t interested in psychology, just in “speech, action, language”. The language of that particular book contains phrases I’ll never forget. Many of them thanks to John Mortimer’s memorable 1981 TV adaptation, since he mostly preserved the original prose, rather than turning the book into a play. As a result the people in it tend to reel off lovely passages that sound like lovely passages, rather than real people speaking.

In the Daily Telegraph, Waugh appears in a review of a book entitled Social Class in the 21st Century by Mike Savage. The reviewer contrasts the new book’s complicated formulas separating the British into seven different classes with the views expressed by Waugh in his comments to Nancy Mitford (reprinted in Essays, Articles and Reviews, p. 494):

“There are subjects too intimate for print,” Evelyn Waugh chided her. “Surely class is one?”… As Waugh wrote to Mitford, ” class distinctions in England have always been the matter for higher feeling than national honour, the matter of feverish but very private debate”.

The reviewer goes on to complain about Savage’s rather turgid and complicated discussion of class based on surveys and research and concludes;

You find yourself longing for his team to have dumped their findings in the lap of an author with a real flair for both the English language and English peculiarities – a Waugh, a Mitford, or an Orwell – and let them loose on the data. The result would have been far less rigorous, but a great deal easier to digest.

Finally, the Harvard Crimson includes Waugh in a column devoted to advising its readers how to improve their writing skills. Because it is written by one who lacks confidence in her own, she proceeds by quoting others:

“An artist must be a reactionary. He has to stand out against the tenor of the age and not go flopping along; he must offer some little opposition.” —Evelyn Waugh [Paris Review (No. 8, 1963), Interview by Julian Jebb]

Now is your chance to indulge in all the irrelevant, outmoded, practically unreadable words you always wanted to use in your writing! Rescue them from their linguistic retirement home, where “eventide” is swapping tales of the good old days with “betwixt,” and “blithering” is looking for his false teeth. Why would you say “bearded” when you could say “barbigerous”? Or “the annoying habit of giving unwanted advice” when you could say “ultracrepidarianism”?…Evelyn Waugh said you could.

One can only wonder where the writer ever got the idea that Waugh advocated the use of language such as that quoted? Not from reading his works, surely.

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Fitzroy Maclean Commemorated on St. Andrew’s Day

Fitzroy Maclean, Waugh’s commanding officer in Yugoslavia, was commemorated yesterday in an editorial on the Foreign and Colonial Office weblog. The occasion was St. Andrew’s Day. Maclean was, needless to say, Scottish. Here’s the opening paragraph:

‘A man of daring character, with Foreign Office training’: thus Winston Churchill perfectly summed up the glamorous and enigmatic Fitzroy Maclean, who combined the careers of diplomat, soldier, partisan, politician and writer. His talents — aided by personal charm and enviable contacts — enabled him to play an exceptional role during the Second World War. Widely believed to have been one of the models for his friend Ian Fleming’s creation James Bond, he also had something of the staunch gentlemanly bravery of John Buchan’s fictional hero Richard Hannay.

Waugh and Randolph Churchill are named as serving in Maclean’s command. Although not mentioned, Maclean gave Waugh permission to prepare what became his report on the treatment of the Roman Catholic Church in Communist Yugoslavia. Maclean was also involved as something of a mediator between Waugh and those within the government seeking to suppress the paper. This is explained in Martin Stannard’s biography Evelyn Waugh: The Later Years, pp. 138-43. The paper was finally published as “Catholic Croatia under Tito’s Heel” in The Salisbury Review, September 1992. Waugh wrote to Diana Cooper that he used Maclean as a model for Constantius Chlorus in his novel Helena (Mr. Wu and Mrs. Stitch, p. 83).

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Waugh in Round Britain Quiz

A Waugh novel was part of a question in a recent Round Britain Quiz on BBC Radio 4. The teams were Scotland and Wales and this question was put to the Scotland  team:

Q8 (from Stephen Gore) In which apparently unproductive source might you look for novels by Evelyn Waugh and Iain M. Banks, and an orchestral work by George Benjamin?

The Scotland team answered correctly that the “unproductive source” was T.S. Eliot’s poem The Waste Land. They then correctly named the Waugh novel as A Handful of Dust and the Iain Banks novel as Consider Phlebus. They were unable to identify the George Benjamin work, to which the correct answer was Ringed by the Flat Horizon. The titles are all quotes from Eliot’s poem. The round was won by Scotland with 20 points to 17 for Wales. The program remains available on the internet on BBC iPlayer for 29 days.

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