Waugh Underground

The digital/print magazine Mental Floss has reposted a 2016 story about Waugh’s contribution to the successful HBO TV series from the early 2000’s entitled Six Feet Under. This told the stories of a family in the funeral business. According to the article by Roger Cormier:

Carolyn Strauss, then head programmer of HBO, wanted her network to do a show about death after watching the 1965 movie adaptation of Evelyn Waugh’s satirical book The Loved One, which was based on the Los Angeles funeral business.

The article then adds this additional factoid, which also recalls the inspiration of Waugh’s novel. The writer/producer Alan Ball:

“…purposely chose Los Angeles to set the series in because, in a show about death, why not set it in the world capital of the denial of death, which has got to be Los Angeles? Los Angeles is where you come to re-create yourself and to become immortal.”

Esquire magazine has a story which also relates to Waugh’s underground influence. This one deals with Dwight Gardner’s  memoir of his West Virginia coal miner grandfather, Archie:

He quickly rose to become a foreman. Later he branched out and in his spare time became a successful realtor. Archie had a big, bustling personality—he confronted each day as if it were a barn in need of raising. He was happier than most people. Maybe the fact that his own father had died young, in a car crash, gave him a sense that life is fleeting. He made the most of the best things in life and the least of the worst. Evelyn Waugh once wrote, “Instead of this absurd division into sexes they ought to class people as static and dynamic.” Archie was a dynamo. He wasn’t a sermonizer, but to be around him was to learn how to live. You picked up things. Some of the lessons he imparted were large and metaphysical, others minuscule and mundane.

The quote is from Decline and Fall and it is spoken by the ambitious German modernist architect Otto Silenus.

Finally, in a review of the BBC’s recent adaptation of E M Forster’s novel Howard’s End, a reviewer for the Jesuit magazine America made this comparison:

Howards End, E. M. Forster’s great 1910 novel, … was the basis for a perfect film adaptation in 1992 and for a smart, involving new series from the BBC, airing on the Starz cable network. The series is delivered in Sunday night installments that are bound to remind older, pre-binge-TV generations of their weekly dose of “Masterpiece Theatre” on PBS. (The show is now halfway through its four-part run.) Like Evelyn Waugh’s later classic, Brideshead Revisited, Forster’s is a state-of-the-nation thesis in the guise of a real estate inheritance plot, and the romantic affairs it traces signify deeper allegiances and betrayals.

In Waugh’s novel, religion replaced money as the driving force for the plot, although in both a large family house also played an important role.

 

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Message to Milligan

The following quote said to be taken from a volume of Letters of Note appeared recently in a Twitter post retweeted from 2015:

The comic Spike Milligan had great admiration for Evelyn Waugh. Whether this was reciprocated in any way must be in doubt. Once when passing Whites Club in St James, Milligan saw Waugh coming out and hastened to ask for his autograph, Waugh duly scribbled on a bit of paper and handed the result to Milligan who duly thanked him and went home. When he looked at what Waugh had written on the paper, it said, “Go away.”

Milligan (along with Peter Sellers and Harry Secombe) made his name on the BBC’s Goon Show in the 1950s. While it is doubtful Waugh was a fan, he was mentioned in at least one episode (“The Mighty Wurlitzer”, Series 6, Episode 16. First broadcast on January 3 1956):

Moriarty (Milligan):
… Now Seagoon, tell us, what is that fifty-ton brass-bound contraption you’re driving?

Seagoon (Secombe):
It’s a Wurlitzer.

Moriarty:
We thought it was a mirage.

Seagoon:
A mirage? I’ve never heard of that make. Ha ha!

Grytpype (Sellers):
Gad, what wit. You’re not the famous Evelyn Waugh, are you?

Seagoon:
Heavens no, I wasn’t born till 1918.

Waugh was keeping a diary at the time the episode was aired but doesn’t mention it. There may also be a Waugh reference in the episode “The Nasty Affair at the Burami Oasis” (Series 7, Episode 1. First broadcast on October 4, 1956).

Bloodnok (Sellers):
It’s a lie. It’s a lie! We’re just good friends I tell you! Get out the back way dear! Ohh! Mind the thunderbox will you? Oohhh!

Men at Arms appeared in 1952 and featured Apthorpe’s thunder box, but Milligan who wrote the series may well have known about those from his own army service. The Goon Show was a precursor to Monty Python which came a decade later but that was too late for Waugh.

 

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Craig Brown’s 100 Favorites

The Daily Mail has published a list of humorist Craig Brown’s 100 favorite books. He explains that these are not necesarily his picks for “greatest” books but those he most enjoyed reading and would recommend to a friend. It is roughly divided between fiction (including short story collections) and non-fiction. Nothing by Evelyn Waugh (nor by Graham Greene or Anthony Powell for that matter) is included but Waugh is mentioned as having been influenced by Saki’s short stories which is one of Brown’s choices.

In the diary section, Brown includes the Diaries of Auberon Waugh with this explanation:

Auberon Waugh’s fantasy diaries, published fortnightly in Private Eye from 1972 to 1985. They remain as outrageously comical today as they ever were – perhaps even more so as the passage of time has made his grotesque facsimiles of fading figures such as Captain Mark Phillips, Edward Heath and Jimmy Goldsmith more vivid than the originals. Fundamental to his strength as a satirist was, of course, his refreshing absence of good taste.

Auberon effectively gets a double since another of Brown’s picks is John Preston’s A Very English Scandal. This is about the Jeremy Thorpe affair in which he hired a hit man who bungled an assasination of a former lover. Auberon kept the story alive right through a trial. The book been adapted for a three-part TV series to air on BBC next month, according to Radio Times. See previous post.

A reader sent us a post by a blogger (Nigeness) who independently reached the same conclusion as Brown about the timeliness of Auberon’s diaries:

For bedtime reading, I recently plucked Auberon Waugh’s Four Crowded Years: Diaries, 1972-76 (Private Eye/ Andre Deutsch) off the shelf. It must be the best part of 40 years since I last looked at this collection, and I wasn’t at all sure it would still work – but I needn’t have worried: these ‘diaries’, set in a personal fantasy world loosely based on reality, are as funny as ever, yielding a laugh-aloud rate of at least once a page, which is very good going (if not terribly conducive to sleep). What’s more, the volume is illustrated by the great Nicolas Bentley, whose pictures perfectly fit Waugh’s humour, and it even has helpful footnotes to identify some of the forgotten figures of the Seventies. Amid all the comedy, there are moments of real insight and even foresight (I hesitate to say prophecy). As an equal-opportunities offender, the rectionary Waugh was very much in the vanguard.

After giving the example of a 1973 diary entry by Auberon recalling a 1970 article he wrote for the Times  in which he offended Muslims and incited mobs to burn down the British Council library in Rawalpindi (and for which he was sacked), the blogger concludes:

A quarter of a century on, nothing has changed (for the better) on that front. But happily such serious matters don’t often impinge on Waugh’s comic world, one firmly based on the puncturing of self-importance and pomposity – neither of which is ever in short supply, especially in the worlds of politics and the ‘yarts’.

UPDATE (16 April 2018): Thanks to Dave Lull for sending the blogpost about Auberon Waugh’s diaries.

 

 

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Weekend Roundup: Waugh in the Book Reviews

The Daily Telegraph reviews a book by Julie Summers entitled Our Uninvited Guests about the wartime use of British country houses to shelter evacuated refugees from the bombed out cities or provide military bases. The review is by Robert Leigh-Pemberton and begins with an extensive quote from Evelyn Waugh. Although one assumes this would be taken from Waugh’s novel Put Out More Flags which had a plot that centered on this subject, instead it comes from a letter to his wife:

In the spring of 1942, Evelyn Waugh related in a letter to his wife how the colonel in charge of his commando, eager to be “chums” with the Earl of Glasgow, had offered to remove an offending stump from the peer’s woodland, promising “we can blow a tree down so that it lands on a sixpence” and that no new trees would be hurt.

Delighted, the earl invited the whole commando “to luncheon for the great explosion”. At the luncheon, the colonel, anxious not to disappoint Lord Glasgow, kept telling his young subaltern to “put a bit more” explosive in that tree. When the fuse was lit, the tree, “instead of falling quietly sideways, rose 50 feet into the air taking with it half an acre of soil and the whole of the young plantation”.

Lord Glasgow walked back to his castle “in dead silence” only to discover that every pane of glass in it had been shattered by the blast, whereupon “he gave a little cry and ran to hide his emotion in the lavatory and there, when he pulled the plug, the entire ceiling, loosened by the explosion, fell on his head…”

This letter is at risk of becoming a journalistic cliché as a result of its widespread appearance in theatrical performances of amusing letters. See previous posts. The Telegraph review continues:

The earl’s castle fared better than many houses requisitioned in Britain during the war. Julie Summers’s Our Uninvited Guests documents the variety of uses to which they were put, ordering them by the degree of horror that the prospect excited in the owners. At best, a house might be made into a girl’s school or a maternity hospital … At worst, it might become a full-blown military installation…

Waugh is also cited in several other book reviews this weekend. The Wall Street Journal reviews the collected editions of the works of Canadian-born writer Margaret Millar who was married to another more well known novelist writing under the name of Ross McDonald. They both wrote detective novels and lived in Santa Barbara which was the setting of many of her books. McDonald is best known for his Lew Archer series. His real name was Kenneth Millar and, according to the WSJ, he once made this comparison of one of his wife’s novels:

In “The Murder of Miranda” (1979), a lively later tale of nasty doings at a Southern California beach club, Millar surprisingly displayed a biting comic tone that reminded her husband, at least, of Evelyn Waugh’s. Kenneth Millar —Ross Macdonald—died in 1983.

The journal of the Jesuits, America, mentions Waugh in two reviews. The first is a reconsideration of a late and now neglected work by Mark Twain. In an essay by Ted Gioia on Twain’s book Recollections of Joan of Arc, Gioia claims that Twain considered it his best work and criticized those who read Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer while ignoring what he thought was his masterpiece. One then expects him to draw a parallel with Evelyn Waugh’s own estimation of his historical novel Helena which Waugh thought was his best work and is also relatively neglected. Gioia misses that opportunity and instead brings Waugh into his review in this comparison:

[Twain] once stated that he had been taught “enmity toward everything that is Catholic,” and yet in his novel about Joan of Arc, Twain comes across as more passionately Catholic than even more famous writers aligned with the church, like Graham Greene, Walker Percy or Evelyn Waugh.

Finally, Waugh makes a brief and unexpected appearance in another America review. This is by Senior Editor, James T Keane, and considers four new books on the subject of Bob Dylan:

The most eclectic of recent books on Dylan but perhaps also the most entertaining is Robert Hudson’s The Monk’s Record Player: Thomas Merton, Bob Dylan, and the Perilous Summer of 1966. Hudson makes an ambitious claim: that Bob Dylan (né Robert Zimmerman) and Brother Louis (né Thomas Merton), though separated by age, creed, lifestyle and vocation, were virtual doppelgängers: “Although they lived their lives a thousand miles apart, their souls were next-door neighbors.”

Hudson’s thesis suffers from the awkward fact that the two never met, that Merton was twice Dylan’s age, and that there is little indication Dylan even knew who Merton was. But Hudson works mightily to make connections, and his quotations from Merton’s letters and diaries make it clear that the hermit was deeply affected by the vagabond’s music, first by “Highway 61 Revisited” (Hudson claims the title is a clear reference to Evelyn Waugh’s Brideshead Revisited), quickly followed by “Bringing It All Back Home,” “Another Side of Bob Dylan”and“The Times They Are A-Changin’.” In fact, in rueful diary entries concerning his famous love affair with “M,” Merton wrote that his troubles extended beyond the contradictions of being “a priest who has a woman.” He was also not sure he didn’t love Bob Dylan more than Mass in the vernacular…

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First Volume of Complete Essays, Articles and Reviews Now for Sale in USA

Volume 26 of the Complete Works of Evelyn Waugh: Essays, Articles and Reviews 1922-1934 is now for sale in the USA. This is a few weeks ahead of the previously announced USA release date of 1 May 2018. The book was released earlier this year in the UK. See previous post. The volume is the first of four in the EAR complete works series and is edited by Prof Donat Gallagher, who also edited previous collections of Waugh’s journalism.

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Alec Waugh, Art Collector

A recent article in the Daily Telegraph profiled a little known artist named Cedric Morris (1889-1982) whose paintings seem to be enjoying a renewal of interest. The article in the Telegraph’s “Luxury: Art” column is by Colin Gleadell and explains that until recently Morris was best known in art circles as the teacher of Lucien Freud and friend of more famous modern artists such as Christopher Wood and Ben Nicolson. His flower paintings were popular among collectors, but his other paintings (notably, numerous landscapes) attracted little attention. This bagan to change a few years ago when he was featured on an episode of the BBC art research series Fake or Fortune where a Lucien Freud painting (or forgery) was the subject. One of the presenters, Philip Mould (who is also an art dealer) began to search for examples of the previously neglected landscapes. Now that flower paintings seemed to have peaked (selling in the £200,000+ range) Mould has been acquiring landscapes in the expectation of a similar upward trend in that market.

This is where Alec Waugh comes into the story. As explained in the Telegraph:

… Besides having nearly 30 of [Morris’s paintings] in his gallery, priced between £6,000 and £90,000, two weeks ago [Mould] set a new record when he paid nearly £60,000 at a sale in Dorset for a 1929 Somerset view that had previously belonged to Evelyn Waugh’s elder brother, Alec.

This doesn’t seem like big bucks in today’s art world, but Mould probably knows what he is doing. He has recently arranged two exhibitions of Morris’s paintings: one of flowers at the Garden Museum for viewing only and the other of landscapes at his own gallery, all of which are for sale. The article doesn’t say from whom Mould bought the “1929 Somerset view” painting (which is referred to as “The Withypool” in some reports). A Bridport auction house (Busby’s) reports that the painting was sold at auction on 15 March 2018 for a  price of £45,000, so that may have been the “Dorset sale” to which the Telegraph refers. But Mould reportedly paid “nearly £60,000”, and that would leave a price discrepancy of about £15,000 unexplained, although this may be because the hammer price excludes VAT (if there is any) and seller’s commission.  The provenance in that sale was described as “From the Estate of Alec Waugh (1898-1981) and thence by descent through the family.” The same auction house in Bridport also offered artworks in a sale from the estate of Alec’s younger son, Peter Waugh, in 2016. See previous post. The Bridport News story of the more recent sale (also citing a price of £60,000) includes a copy of the painting. According to the auctioneer’s catalogue, the estimated price for the painting was £10,000-20,000.

Details about the upcoming exhibits of Cedric Morris’s paintings in London may be found here:

Cedric Morris: Beyond the Garden Wall, 18 April – 20 July; philipmould.com. Cedric Morris: Artist Plantsman, 18 April – 22 July; gardenmuseum.org.uk.

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Spanish Versions of Waugh Recommended

An essay has been posted on the books blog of the Madrid-based free circulation newspaper called 20 Minutos. The story has been picked up by other Spanish language publications, including at least one in Mexico. This is by bookseller and blogger “Regina Ex Libris” who begins with an introductory essay on Waugh:

It is 52 years since the death of Evelyn Waugh, another holy patron of my bookshop and one of the titans of the Anglo-Saxon letters of the XXth century. Scarcely admired as a human being but revered as a writer and as a ruthless chronicler of the frivolous interwar generation, I always thought of him as a flapper trapped in the body of a Catholic convert, grumpy, arrogant, misogynist and snob … , but with a portentous talent for literature–some one tormented by a fierce internal struggle and in perpetual war standing against the world that imploded into literary artifacts laden with venom, irony and truth. Hence, the ‘Waugh brand’ is displayed in comic and crazy novels, with room for disenchantment and criticism, but, yes, perversely subtle. I love his work, his sense of humor, his scathing lucidity and that glorious forked tongue with which he describes those environments which he manages like a fish in water: the aristocracy with all its pomp, diplomatic circles and corruption, the army and war conflicts, university phlegm and the press.

She goes on to recommend six of Waugh’s books by their Spanish titles, offering brief opinionated explanations in each case: Retorno a Brideshead, Noticias bomba! (Scoop), Izad mas banderas (Put out more flags), Un puñado de polvo (A Handful of Dust), Merienda de negros (Black Mischief) and Cuentos completos (Complete Stories). As an example, here’s her description for Black Mischief :

Destructive colonial farce that attacks the wild savages of the jungle like those of modern cities, and in which unforgettably comic characters abound, such as the inept and petulant English ambassador or the two ladies who come to observe the treatment given to the animals in that “barbarian” country. In it Seth, the new emperor of Azania, “tyrant of the seas and  graduate of Oxford,” offers his former classmate Basil Seal – insolent, sophisticated and amoral, a perfect guarantee against stability – the position of “minister of modernization” of his African country. From there, the most crazy innovations are undertaken, provoking endless tribal and diplomatic intrigues that lead to anarchy and chaos, and a truly cannibal feast absolutely ruthless, hilarious and truthful.

The book’s Spanish title translates as “Black Snack”. Translation by Google with minor edits.

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West Virginian Poverty and African Diversity

Mark Sadd writing an opinion column in the Charleston (WVa) Gazette-Mail opens with this quote from Evelyn Waugh:

“Ah, well,” wrote Evelyn Waugh, “to the journalist every country is rich.” And to the media, one can add, every West Virginian is poor. National and local reporting on West Virginia exudes poverty, as it has since the late 19th century. “Hard-scrabble existence” is a required term of reference….That West Virginians are poor is a truism. Reporting on them makes good copy. There is lots of color in describing privation and indigence, particularly of the hillbilly kind.

But explaining why they are poor is routinely botched. Reporters, taking cues from sheltered academics, accuse the outsiders and exonerate the people themselves who, let’s be real, often are the creators of their own torments or the authors of their own destruction. Yet, portraits in magazines and newspapers remain too simple ones of good versus evil, of the oppressed versus their oppressors. Both casual and experienced observers usually ignore the obvious, or perhaps not so obvious, obstacles to upward mobility in West Virginia: the natives.

The quote is from Scoop, subtitled “A Novel About Journalists”  and occurs on the voyage out of Marseilles to Africa. The French colonial administrator mistakes William Boot for a businessman looking for economic opportunities to be exploited and tells him not to waste his time in Ishmaelia. When he learns that William is working for a newspaper he makes the quoted reply (Penguin, 1983, p. 59).

In a story about African ethnic diversity, USA anti-immigration crusader Steve Sailer, writing in Taki’s Magazine, also opens his article with an extensive quote from Scoop (quoted language in bold type):

Anthropology has always been assumed to have political implications. For example, in Evelyn Waugh’s classic satire on press coverage of the 1930s Italian invasion of Ethiopia, Scoop, the rival Soviet-financed and German-financed Ishmaelite embassies offer competing conceptions of Africans.

The Communist consul espouses an Afrocentric out-of-Africa theory in which blacks are responsible for all of humanity’s accomplishments and thus deserve to take over the Earth.

“As the great negro Karl Marx has so nobly written…” He talked for about twenty minutes. The black-backed, pink-palmed, finlike hands beneath the violet cuffs flapped and slapped. “Who built the Pyramids?” he asked. “Who invented the circulation of the blood?… Africa for the African worker, Europe for the African worker, Asia, Oceania, America, Arctic and Antarctic for the African worker.”

In contrast, at the Fascist embassy:

The door of the suite was opened by a Negro clad in a white silk shirt, buckskin breeches and hunting boots, who clicked his spurs and gave William a Roman salute.

The pseudo-consul offers an in-to-Africa vindication of his supposed ancestors:

“For instance, the Jews of Geneva, subsidized by Russian gold, have spread the story that we are a black race…. As you will see for yourself, we are pure Aryans. In fact we were the first white colonizers of Central Africa. What Stanley and Livingstone did in the last century, our Ishmaelite ancestors did in the stone age. In the course of the years the tropical sun has given to some of us a healthy, in some cases almost a swarthy, tan. But all responsible anthropologists…”

Unlike in the time of Scoop, we are currently experiencing a revolution in our understanding of prehistory due to the sudden explosion in the ability to scan the genomes of ancient skeletons. Can our increasing ability to shed light upon these old disputes about Africans offer some insight into why Americans talk as if 100 percent black were the maximum—and optimum—in diversity?

These  quotes can be found in Scoop (Penguin, 1983, pp. 50-51). In his article, Sailer proceeds to ramble through various developments in the politics of diversity and scientific ethnic studies on the same topic, both old and new, and concludes: “All this mounting evidence implies that African-Americans indeed might be genetically more diverse than their many rivals in the diversity business.” There may be some subtle, ironic anti-immigration message embedded in this conclusion, but I’m afraid I missed it.

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Happy Warriors to Broadcast

A London theater website (mytheatremates.com) has announced that a performance of Happy Warriors, the play about Evelyn Waugh and Randolph Churchill in WWII Yugoslavia, will be recorded for broadcast. In connection with this, tickets for the performance on Friday, 13 April that is being recorded will be sold at a reduced price of £10. Booking information is available here. The story also contains several photos from the play, which will continue through 22 April at the Upstairs at the Gatehouse theatre in Highgate, North London. Details of the future broadcast are not available.

Meanwhile, another review has appeared on the internet. This is posted by thestage.co.uk and is written by Paul Vale. He describes Happy Warriors as

a quick-witted, intelligent comedy that pokes fun at the privilege and priorities of the officer class. … It’s a fascinating dynamic, astutely exploited by Macdonald, culminating in a battle of wills that’s both sharp and sophisticated. Simon Pontin plays Churchill as a remarkably familiar political buffoon, manipulating the rules to suit his own ends. Neil Chinneck’s Waugh is an intellectual too but less adroit at politics and absorbed by his own spiritual conflict. … While some aspects of Andrew C Wadsworth’s production may lack finesse and Sorcha Corcoran’s set design is flimsy, it picks up the tone and tempo of the writing perfectly.

The playwright James Hugh Macdonald is interviewed on the website London Live. He explains that it was Waugh’s description in his Diaries of the wager with Randolph Churchill over reading the Bible within a few days that convinced him that the wartime experiences would make good theater. The transcript of another interview where Macdonald makes the same point, inter alia,  appears on The Reviews Hub.

UPDATE (11 April 2018): Information added about review of Paul Vale.

UPDATE 2 (12 April 2018): Link to interviews of playwright added.

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Yugoslavia and Ishmaelia

Dr Robert Hickson has posted another of his “essays” on Waugh’s life and works on the weblog catholicism.org. These should not be mistaken for religious dicussions but are rather compilations of writings from Waugh’s works or memoirs of his contemporaries about specific subjects identified as of interest by Dr Hickson. His latest contribution relates to Waugh’s service in wartime Yugoslavia, a matter of current interest in view of the opening of a play about this subject (Happy Warriors) at a North London theatre. Here is an excerpt from Dr Hickson’s explanation about the inspiration of his latest essay:

Having recently read much of Captain Evelyn Waugh’s Diaries and Letters and Essays written during World War II, I knew that I could not briefly summarize their content and their manifold importance. But, as a result, I have come even more so now to honor him and his integrity as a risk-taking and valorous combatant officer. [… ]Waugh was […] placed under an […] eccentric Commanding Officer, Major Randolph Churchill, who was [also] his own admittedly intermittent friend. […] Since Waugh was himself also an eccentric officer, his relationship with Randolph Churchill was often strained and brashly breached, while at the same time also being comic and ironical. Therefore, this essay proposes to depict some of this bristling and tumultuous but finally perduring friendship; also to show Evelyn Waugh’s enduring integrity as a Catholic military officer.

What follows is mostly extended quotations from Waugh’s Diaries, memoirs of Fitzroy McLean and Freddie Birkenhead in the 1973 collection Evelyn Waugh and his World, and the biography and memoir of Chrstopher Sykes as they relate to Waugh’s service in Yugoslavia. It is a pity that Dr Hickson collected these writings before he was able to compare them with the script of Happy Warriors on the same subject. That production continues for two more weeks at the Upstairs at the Gatehouse theatre in Highgate. See previous posts.

Another blogger, Erich Wagner, has posted a brief article in voegelinview.com on why the humor of Waugh’s novel Scoop still makes him laugh out loud today. Here’s an excerpt:

…Waugh could sketch personality in a line or two and had an ear for different voices (a rather rare quality in contemporary fiction).  […] Various courageous Europeans, in the seventies of the last century, came to Ishmaelia, or near it, furnished with suitable equipment of cuckoo clocks, phonographs, opera hats, draft-treaties and flags of the nations which they had been obliged to leave. They came as mission­aries, ambassadors, tradesmen, prospectors, natural scientists. None returned. They were eaten, every one of them; some raw, others stewed and seasoned – according to local usage and the calendar (for the better sort of Ishmaelites have been Christian for many centuries and will not publicly eat human flesh, uncooked, in Lent, without special and costly dispensation from their bishop). [. . .] On this reading, I was surprised to see in Dr. Benito, the Director of the Ishmaeli Press Bureau, an evocation of a currently prominent American Politician.

 

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