Waugh and Solitude

In an article on the weblog PanAm Post, Alejandro Jenkins declares the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez to be overrated. One reason for this is the underdeveloped characters:

The idea behind Hundred Years of Solitude (to create a saga-esque mythology for post-independence Latin America) is attractively ambitious, to be sure, but the actual execution is almost entirely lifeless. The key problem is that there’s hardly any character in it that can hold any interest for the reader, or that even has a well defined personality. … García Márquez himself must’ve been aware of this, because he re-uses the same names over and over, until the reader hardly knows or cares who’s who. … But this is a huge weakness in a work of literature (it reminds of the joke in Evelyn Waugh’s Decline and Fall about an avant-garde film that failed at the box office because of its “austere elimination of all human characters”).

Another novel (this one more recent and described by Amazon as a #1 international best seller) is said to have been influenced by Waugh’s Brideshead Revisited. This is The Awakening of Miss Prim by Natalia Sanmartin Fennolera. This influence is explained by its author in a paper presented at a recent conference at Clear Creek Abbey in Oklahoma:

The reason I mention Evelyn Waugh and the clear understanding he had about the effect of grace in himself, is because his Brideshead Revisited served as a model for me, as I traced out the story of conversion in The Awakening of Miss Prim. In his magnificent novel, Waugh tried to explain, within the bounds of possibility, how grace guides us through the events of our lives, through the people we know, through our joys and our pains, through the contemplation of beauty and, most especially, through our wounds and failures. That is what I tried to do in the book, within all the limitations imposed by this theme…Waugh himself once said that conversion is like climbing up a chimney, passing from a world of shadows, where everything is like a caricature, to the real world. Cardinal John Henry Newman’s epitaph reflects a similar idea: “Out of shadows and images unto the Truth.”

The paper is available in The American Conservative.

Finally, in today’s Yorkshire Post there is an illustrated story of the Temple of the Four Winds at the Castle Howard estate near York.

…in both the film and the television series, The Temple of the Four Winds was the location for a frivolous day of wine-tasting and indulgence for central characters Charles Ryder and Sebastian Flyte. Building of Castle Howard began in 1699 and took more than 100 years to complete, with work on The Temple of the Four Winds starting in 1724 and not being completed until 1738. Architect Sir John Vanbrugh who designed the temple modelled on the Villa La Rotonda is a Renaissance villa just outside Vicenza in Italy did not live to see its completion, dying in 1726.

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Scribble, Scribble, Mr Waugh

In their Daily Express column, Richard and Judy are reminded of Evelyn Waugh in a noisy pub where they can hardly here a conversation:

But then the background cacophony dropped momentarily, just long enough for me to pick up a patrician, upper-class drawl saying: “Of course, my dear, if he hadn’t been your grandfather he never would’ve got a single, solitary f***.”

Uhh?!? I spun around from our table. Impossible to detect where the remark had originated as the background sound level surged to deafening again.

But I spotted a suspect. A well-known stage actress with a much older man I reckoned was probably her agent. If Evelyn Waugh were still with us he’d have scribbled the remark down for his next novel.

Perhaps they were reminded of the incident described by Waugh in his diaries when he was a schoolteacher in Wales. This is included in a report in the North Wales newspaper the Daily Post about the real life counterpart of the Llanaba School from Decline and Fall (known as Arnold House):

Depressed by the spartan atmosphere at Arnold House Waugh often sought solace in the local pub Fair View Inn – known as “Mrs Roberts’ pub” in both his diaries and in Decline and Fall. Waugh’s diary entry made on March 16, 1925, said he went to the Fair View where a eunuch taught him a toast in Welsh. He wrote it down on an envelope which he later lost. However, it meant ‘Here’s success to the temperance workers’.

There is also a quote from a student who attended the school when Waugh was a teacher:

…Tim Kershaw, of Preswylfa, in Tyn-y-Groes, contacted the Weekly News in 1988, with his memories of one of England’s most revered writers. He said: “I remember Waugh well.” Tim went to the school in 1925 as a boy of nine. He was glad he wasn’t in Waugh’s class as “he was very sarcastic, which doesn’t go down well with little boys of nine. “Once I ran out of writing paper in a school exam, and had to go to his desk to ask for more.He looked at me with some disgust, and said: ‘Filthy little boy, you’ve got ink on your face.’ When I had to go back for more paper sometime later, he remarked ‘Filthy little boy, you’ve still got ink on your face.’ I thought this was a bit unreasonable, but got even with him on a school walk, when I pushed a snail down his neck.” The boarding house where the children slept is still called Arnold House and is presently a sheltered housing for vulnerable adults.

Finally, the Guardian reports the death of a Waugh fan. This is Andrew Keogh a London barrister who recently died at the age of 66. According to the obituary:

He enjoyed Indian, Greek and Italian food, good wine, especially Malbec, and real ale, especially Young’s bitter, marijuana, the novels of Evelyn Waugh, and the music of the Grateful Dead, New Riders of the Purple Sage and Bob Marley and the Wailers.

The Guardian also reports that he was a convert from Roman Catholicism to Anglicanism and “author of the longstanding White Rabbit blog, of two published novels, twentytwelve (2006), and The Killing Room (2013), and of the unfinished Diary of a Jobbing Barrister.” Sounds like an interesting guy.

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POMF and the ISBN

An article in the TLS discusses the history of the ISBN (International Standard Book Number) which appears on the copyright page of all books. According to Adrian Tahourdin, this was introduced in the late 1960s and became more important after computers came into general use in the 1990s. After describing what a typical copyright page looks like today, Tahourdin selects the Penguin 1951 edition of Waugh’s Put Out More Flags as an example of what was included in pre-ISBN days:

It was different in pre-ISBN days. Take, for example, Evelyn Waugh’s Put Out More Flags (1942) in the old orange and cream Penguin edition – in this case from 1951. The back cover has only a black-and-white photograph of the youngish author (by Yevonde) and a potted biography. The price of the book appears on the front – 1/6, i.e. one shilling and sixpence. (At least it doesn’t have the rather offputting “Not for sale in the US/Canada” that used to appear on so many books.) On the inside flyleaf there is a precis of the book we are about to read: “The characters with whom Evelyn Waugh has entertained us in such novels as Decline and Fall and Vile Bodies are here encountered in a different environment . . .”. On the title page is an Author’s Note: “The military operation described in Chapter III is wholly imaginary. No existing unit of His Majesty’s Forces is represented there, or anywhere, directly or indirectly. No character is derived from any living man or woman. E.W.”

Tahourdin doesn’t explain why this book was selected  nor does he indicate how this edition might differ from the original Penguin of 1943 (a scarce wartime printing) or from current Penguin editions that carry the ISBN. Indeed, recently Penguin has been selling both a paperback and hardback edition of the novel. Are there different ISBNs for each one, I wonder?

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Den of Geek Meets The Loved One

Yet another article has appeared linking Waugh’s 1947 novel The Loved One with Billy Wilder’s 1950 film Sunset Boulevard. See earlier posts. This is posted on entertainment website Den of Geek and is written by Tony Sokol:

Sunset Boulevard‘s cinematographer John Seitz said Wilder “had wanted to do The Loved One, but couldn’t obtain the rights.” British author’s Evelyn Waugh’s satirical 1948 novel was about a failed screenwriter who lives with a silent film star and works in a cemetery. At one point Norma mistakes Joe for a funeral director and asks for her coffin to be white, as well as specially lined with satin. White, pink, or maybe bright flaming red. Gossip columnist Hedda Hopper, who plays herself in the movie, wrote that “Billy Wilder … was crazy about Evelyn Waugh’s book The Loved One, and the studio wanted to buy it.”

Norma has actually called a funeral director to bury her pet chimpanzee, and failing scriptwriter Joe Gillis is mistaken for the pet cemetery’s employee. Waugh’s character Dennis Barlow, also a failed screenwriter, worked at the Happy Hunting Ground, a pet cemetery near Hollywood. So the link to Waugh’s novel is even closer than suggested. Whether Wilder could have done a better job adapting Waugh’s novel than did Tony Richardson in the 1960s is impossible to say (although it wouldn’t have been much of a challenge). But since Sunset Boulevard has become a classic with its own story, it may be just as well things worked out as they did. Sokol’s article adds some interesting details about an actual murder that contributed to the plot of Wilder’s film.

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Waugh’s Claret Phobia

London wine merchants Berry Bros & Rudd have posted on their internet site an article by Auberon Waugh about his father’s knowledge of wine. This originally appeared in their house journal Number Three St James’s Street for Spring 1986. They claim Evelyn Waugh to have been a regular customer but should not be confused with another wine merchant Saccone & Speed that published Evelyn Waugh’s booklet Wine in Peace and War (1947). In his article Auberon explains that his father’s wine knowledgeability is probably overrated:

I was never entirely convinced that my Father, for all his poetic gifts, knew very much about wine. Certainly his brother, Alec, knew much more. When Evelyn wrote those words [in a 1937 article], he was just laying down his first cellar. My Grandfather, Arthur Waugh, who was a publisher and critic, drank nothing but Keystone Australian Burgundy, a beverage which he believed to have tonic properties, much to the embarrassment of his two sons.

The most interesting feature of Auberon’s quite comprehensive article is his description of his father’s total aversion to claret (the red wine of Bordeaux) following the attack of mania that is documented in The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold:

Plainly, this violent repudiation of the world’s second best wine-producing area was the result of some psychological trauma, if not actual brain damage. He was quite happy to experiment with wines from unlikely places like Chile (probably of Cabernet base, although in those days they did not specify the grape) and once discovered a new enthusiasm for the red wines of Germany. Even more shaming than that, he came back from Rhodesia one day announcing a new discovery from Portugal called Mateus Rosé, and drank it through one whole summer. Whenever challenged with this, I loyally maintain that the Mateus Rosé of the late ‘50s was a quite different wine from the sugary pink fizz of today, but I do not honestly know where the truth lies…

I think I may have one clue, which is neither psychological nor biochemical, for Evelyn Waugh’s repudiation of claret. For some reason, he always referred to it as “clart”, even in such homely expressions as “to tap the claret”, meaning to draw blood in a fight. “Have a glass of clart,” he would say. Some had difficulty in understanding what he meant, but he persisted. Then in 1956 there was published a rather shameful book called “Noblesse Oblige”, edited by Nancy Mitford, with contributions from herself, Waugh, John Betjeman, Christopher Sykes and others discussing the characteristics of the English upper class. In the course of his contribution, Sykes – who was a friend of my Father’s despite being, as he frequently pointed out, of better breeding – mentioned “a Gloucestershire landowner” who believed “that persons of family always refer to the wines of Bordeaux as ‘clart’, to rhyme with cart”. Mr Sykes opined that “this delusion” showed “an impulse towards gentility” which might be preferable to the contrary impulse, among true aristocrats, towards affecting the mannerisms of the proletariat. My Father spotted the reference to himself immediately, and although he took it in good part, it must have left him in something of a quandary. Either he had to drop his harmless affectation in deference to the mockery of a younger man and lesser artist, which he did not deign to do, or he had to persist in the awareness that everyone was sniggering at him as the Gloucestershire landowner who said “clart” when he meant “claret”. I do not know how much influence it had on his subsequent behaviour, but it is fact that within a year he had sold not only his house in Gloucestershire but also all his claret, and never touched the stuff again.

 

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Latest Evelyn Waugh Studies Available

The latest issue of the society’s journal Evelyn Waugh Studies has been issued. This is No. 48.1 (Spring 2017) and is available at this link. The contents are set out below:

ARTICLES

Et in Chatsworth Ego? by Peter J. Comerford

Guy’s Deleted Nippers, Part II: Orphaned Edits and Inconsistent Adaptations of Unconditional Surrender by Jeffrey A. Manley                    

REVIEWS

Still No ApologiesEvelyn Waugh, by Ann Pasternak Slater; Reviewed by Robert Murray Davis

Rising ReturnsDecline and Fall: TV Adaptation of Evelyn Waugh’s Novel; Reviewed by Jeffrey A. Manley

Bats in the LibraryThe Weight of a World of Feeling: Reviews and Essays by Elizabeth Bowen; Reviewed by Jeffrey A. Manley

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Evelyn Waugh, Foreign Policy Expert

Foreign Minister Boris Johnson cites Evelyn Waugh in a recent speech in Sydney, Australia. In explaining the basis for Britain’s exit from the EU, he is reported as saying this:

Joining ASEAN and such forums, he insisted, was far better than being part of a bloc of states governed by EU strictures. The club fees for the former, he surmised, were far cheaper. Besides, Britain wanted to, as Evelyn Waugh might have said, project its might, notably through the deployment of two aircraft carriers in the South China sea and through the Straits of Malacca.

This is not a quote but comes from a story by Binoy Kampark in International Policy Digest. I can’t recall where Waugh may have commented on a nation protecting its might or why, but it may have been in connection with his writings about Africa or Mexico. The story goes on to comment on this part of the speech:

Boris would also have you believe that those aircraft carriers actually existed, yet these, he had to concede, had yet to be constructed.

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Play About Sonia Orwell Opens in London

Domenic Cavendish writing in the Daily Telegraph reviews a play entitled “Mrs Orwell” that opened recently in London. This is about Sonia Orwell, the secretary at Cyril Connolly’s Horizon magazine who married George Orwell a few weeks before his death. There has frequently been speculation about whether her motives were those of a golddiger or that she was simply naive or altruistic. No one seems to have suggested that there was any romantic attraction on her side. According to the Telegraph review:

“I want her to come out of this as an energised force for good,” says Tony Cox, the playwright. “She was so life-affirming, so determined things would get better. And that was what Orwell needed more than anything else.” The role promises to be a breakthrough for 28-year-old Cressida Bonas, and there is an unmistakable aptness about the casting. Though the actress, model and former girlfriend of Prince Harry shudders at the term “It Girl” – a label that has been slapped on her (“I hate it!” she tells me) – there’s a case for describing [Sonia] as an “It Girl” avant la lettre.

The review also discusses some of the literary characters Sonia may have inspired:

Men would drop into the Horizon offices just to gaze at her, and her ability to turn heads, stand her ground and inspire fascination saw her achieve an artistic after-life in fiction by Evelyn Waugh (in his 1961 novel Unconditional Surrender) and Orwell himself, who is thought to have based the character of Julia, the heroine of Nineteen Eighty-Four, on her.

Waugh was involved with Orwell and Connolly’s Horizon in the late 1940s and I believe mentions Sonia in his letters somewhere. I am away from home and unable to determine the identity of the character who may be based on Sonia–probably one of the young ladies (Coney or Frankie) working at Everard Spruce’s magazine, Survival. Perhaps some one might like to comment.

The play is at the Old Red Lion Theatre, London EC1 until 28 August.

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Telegraph Article Considers Wisdom of Retaining Diaries

Writing in the Daily Telegraph, Jane Shilling  considers the wisdom of retaining private diaries. This is occasioned by the upcoming publication of the teenage diaries of novelist Margaret Forster. The case of Waugh’s diaries is considered:

What would Forster  have felt about the publication of her private writings, her husband wondered in a recent newspaper article, concluding that all diarists have posterity “at the back of their mind, whatever they say out loud”. Can that be true? “Why did he keep it at all,” speculated the editor of the published version of Evelyn Waugh’s notoriously disobliging diaries, eventually concluding that Waugh had been “laying down a store of experience”. Which is, I suppose, the force that drives all acts of personal record-keeping, from Pepys’s diaries to the current plethora of blogs and artfully filtered Instagram moments.

Having considered matters, Shilling found her teenage diaries and consigned them to the shredder.

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The Bolthole and the Beast

Both the Financial Times and the Guardian have stories this weekend based on Waugh’s writngs. They are also mentioned prominently in two Australian papers.

Writing in the FT, Janan Ganesh sees what may be the passing of the middle class longing for a rural bolthole in the form of a country residence. The tradition now disappearing was fostered, according to Ganesh, in Waugh’s writings:

…one vestige of [the aristocracy’s] old cultural sway remains and it is what Evelyn Waugh called the “cult” of the country house. To own one, even a small one, is to play the squire. … The cult is strongest in this country but it touches America, that insatiable market for Downton Abbey or whichever colour-by-numbers costume drama the Brits are peddling this year.

The tradition is less prevalent in Europe where the aristocracy’s sway was weakened by decades of war and revolution. But even in the English speaking worlds, Ganesh sees the lure of the country house or cottage as diminishing:

In 1987, “inner city” meant poor. In 2017, it means the most coveted parts of the realm. I sense little of Waugh’s cult in friends my age, even those with the cash to indulge it, even those with families who could use the roaming space. Their priority is the best first home they can afford. … Forgive the urban chauvinism but, having fought for a toehold in a great cosmopolis, it seems perverse to flee to the opposite environment at regular intervals.

But the day of the country house’s attraction for the city dweller has not entirely withered away, if an article in the Guardian is anything to go by. This is an excerpt from a recent book by Phyllis Richardson entitled The House of Fiction which contains descriptions of  houses that appear in English literature:

Howards End, Manderley, Brideshead – some fictional houses are as unforgettable as the characters who inhabit them. They can provide a sense of identity, as in the novels of Walter Scott, which were set in a time when a man was distinguished by the land and house from which he got his name. They can convey ideas of personality, as Charles Dickens’s living spaces reflect the quirks of his characters. They can offer us symbols of social status, as with Jane Austen’s Pemberley, or some tangible link to the past, as so ardently forged by writers such as Evelyn Waugh.

Several examples of descriptions taken from Richardson’s book are provided from writers extending from Laurence Sterne to Alan Hollinghurst. To be fair, not all of these are country houses, unless one counts Hampstead or “Metroland” as the country.

Another Guardian article by Ian Jack takes up Waugh’s theme of journalism in his 1938 novel Scoop. Jack begins by recalling his own early days as a journalist at the Scottish branch of the Express which once seemed to be epitomized in Waugh’s “Daily Beast.” That role today is played by the Daily Mail which has been described in a recent novel. This is entitled, not very subtly, The Beast and is written by Alexander Starritt who has worked for the Daily Mail:

As the title suggests, the book makes no bones about its literary heritage and unashamedly tips its hat to the work of Michael Frayn as well as Waugh. Its comedy is darker than either, but arguably (Scoop, after all, was published in 1938) that bleakness reflects our darker age. Certainly, its subject more urgently demands our attention…What Starritt gets vividly right, in a way I think no other fiction has managed, is the editing process that is so central to the success of any popular paper – and which through techniques of presentation has far more influence on the paper’s emotional, social and political register than all its writing staff put together. “The very belly of the Beast”, is how he describes the production department…

What follows in the Guardian article is a description by Jack about how the editorial process on a successful modern tabloid works. It is not a pretty picture.

Finally, Waugh is mentioned in two articles in the Australian press. In an opinion article by Ian Warden published in The Age on the ever-fraught issue of nationality in Australian politics, there is this analogy:

…when it comes to notions of nationality, there is Evelyn Waugh’s neat notion that it is beyond certification and is something to do with one’s stage of life. His insight that we are all American at puberty is profound, and spot on. Everything about America and the rash, loud, confused, spotty, hormone-powered, know-it-all, energetic-but-ignorant way it and its presidents behave is deeply pubescent.

And in the Spectator’s Australian edition, Karl Schmude is reminded of Waugh in a speech at the Christopher Dawson Centre in Hobart named for the Australian man of letters or independent scholar best known perhaps for having written The Making of Europe:

Evelyn Waugh once described his father as a “man of letters,” and noted that this category was “now almost extinct,” like that of the maiden aunt.

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