Literary Drinking Bouts

In today’s Guardian there is an article in the “Rereading” column by Mark Forsyth discussing the 10 most entertaining discriptions of drinking bouts in literature. One of those included is from Waugh’s novel Decline and Fall:

Decline and Fall starts with the famous drunk scene where Paul Pennyfeather is debagged by the Bollinger Club, but it ends with a better one. Waugh not only captures perfectly the ability of a drunkard to repeat himself ad nauseam, but he also uses those repetitions to make the final conversation of the book into a literary symphony of theme, repetition, variation and motif. And when the drunkard is told he drinks too much, he replies: “Oh, damn, what else is there to do?”

The drinker in the final scene is Peter Pastmaster (Margot’s son), but the confused roaring and broken glass of the Bollinger Club show up again there as well. Other novels with notable drinking bouts include Lucky Jim; Right Ho, Jeeves and Our Man in Havana.

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Wavian Echoes from Abyssinian War

Milena Borden has sent the following article based on a recent event reported in Italy (see link) that recalls Waugh’s coverage of the Abyssinian War:

Earlier this year, in Italy, the mayor and two town councillors of the town of Affile near Rome were sentenced to prison for using public money in 2012 to commission a memorial of Rodolfo Graziani, the Marshal in charge of the Italian invasion in Abyssinia in 1936 who later became a minister of defence to Benito Mussolini’s fascist government from 1943 until the end of the Second World War.

Evelyn Waugh met Graziani during his war correspondent visit to Abyssinia in the summer of 1936. He described the meeting in “Addis Ababa During the First Days of the Italian Empire”, Chapter 6 of his travel book Waugh in Abyssinia, pp. 228-29 (1936):

‘He gave me twenty minutes. I have seldom enjoyed an official audience more. His French was worse than mine, but better than my Italian. Too often when talking to minor fascists one finds a fatal love of oratory. 
There was no nonsense of that kind about Graziani. He was like the traditional conception of an English admiral, frank, humorous and practical. He asked where I had been, what I had been, what I wanted to see. Whenever my requests were reasonable he gave his immediate consent. If he had to refuse anything he did so directly and gave his reasons. He did not touch on general politics or the ethics of conquest. He did not ask me to interpret English public opinion
I left with the impression of one of the most amiable and sensible men I had met for a long time.’

Waugh also wrote about the meeting in his diary: Thursday 27 August 1936, “Very fresh and businesslike. No Fascist speeches about the Roman civilization and the wickedness of sanctions” (Diaries, p. 401).

Graziani was sentenced to nineteen years imprisonment for war crimes in 1948 but served only two years and died in 1955. His memoir, which covers the invasion of Abyssinia, Una vita per l’Italia, was published in Italy in 1998. Historians continue to argue about the extent of the damage caused by the use of chemical gas in Abyssinia on his orders. The exact number of victims remains unconfirmed to this day, with some claiming there were thousands. Evelyn Waugh wrote: ‘Gas was used but accounted for only eighteen lives.’ (Waugh in Abyssinia, p. 239).

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A Handful of Hard Cheese

Michael Deacon writing in the Daily Telegraph finds echoes of Waugh in a recent story. This involves the rescue of TV presenter and explorer Benedict Allen from the jumgles of Papua New Guinea into which he had disappeared. Deacon is:

…relieved to learn that Allen… has been found and is on his way home. When I read that he’d departed alone to Papua New Guinea on a search for an ancient tribe of alleged headhunters, and hadn’t been heard from since, I feared that he’d suffered the most terrible fate. Not death, but the horror that befalls Tony Last, the main character in Evelyn Waugh’s A Handful of Dust. At the end of the novel, Tony, like Mr Allen, sets off on an expedition into the jungle – only to be taken captive by an ancient tribe. Instead of killing or torturing him, however, their chief subjects Tony to a far graver punishment. He forces him to spend the rest of his life reading aloud the complete works of Charles Dickens, over and over and over.“Let us read Little Dorrit again,” the illiterate chief tells Tony, after telling an English rescue party that their missing compatriot has sadly passed away. “There are passages in that book I can never hear without the temptation to weep.”

Another recent allusion to Waugh’s novel occurs in a New York Times article on the growing number of American women cheesemakers who are achieving notice and success. The article by Alexandra Jacobs opens with this:

Last year Erin Bligh, the proprietor of Dancing Goats Dairy in Newbury, Mass., planned to introduce a new cheese — hard, with spicy peppers — called Madam President, in what she assumed would be a fromage homage to a historic election. Then came the unexpected result: hard cheese indeed, in the Evelyn Waugh sense of the phrase.

“I’m like, ‘Oh damn, this is awful,’” said Ms. Bligh, 29, who has four full-time employees overseeing a herd of 45 goats. She renamed the cheese General Leia Organa, after the Rebel Alliance leader in “Star Wars,” and sent chunks to fortify friends attending the women’s march in Boston. “This is my small piece of the resistance,” a local customer told her, brandishing a wedge.

The reference is to chapter III of Handful entitled “Hard Cheese on Tony” in which his marriage falls apart and his son dies.

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Waugh’s Cameo in Alternative History Novel

A books blog, the Deighton Dossier, recently posted an updated article discussing novels based on alternative histories comparable to Len Deighton’s SS-GB in which the Germans successfully invade and occupy Britain in WWII. Among those considered is Lavie Tidhar’s A Man Lies Dreaming in which there is a another alternative: the Nazis lose to the Communists in 1933 and Hitler (along with several henchmen) escapes to London where he makes a marginal living as a private detective by the name of Wolf. The plot takes place in 1939. As described in the weblog (and mentioned in a previous post) Evelyn Waugh makes a cameo appearence in the novel:

For lovers of black literary humour, this book is a must, if only for the scenes where Wolf the penniless author of Mein Kampf rages at his agent (Curtis Brown) for not getting him a deal on the sequel and then has to be ejected from a literary soiree by Leslie Charteris and Evelyn Waugh!

There are several other cameo appearances of literary figures worth noting. In addition to Christopher Isherwood and Stephen Spender, mentioned in the earlier post, Diana and Oswald Mosley appear at an earlier party to which they have invited Wolf (knowing his true identity), and he also meets Ian Fleming (who is working as a stockbroker) on another occasion. The party attended by Waugh takes place at the Bloomsbury premises of publishers Allen & Unwin. Also present are J R R Tolkien, Cecil Forester (to whom Waugh is talking when Wolf arrives), Lord Rothermere and Leni Riefenstahl who has just arrived from Hollywood. There is an interesting interchange between Wolf and Leni in which she explains she is in London for the filming of a Warner Bros movie based on F Scott Fitzgerald’s sequel to The Great Gatsby. In this, Gatsby survives the shooting which ends the original novel and is living in Tangier, which is the film’s title. Leni is playing the female lead opposite the Gatsby character who is played by Humphrey Bogart. It would appear that Tidhar has rounded up the usual suspects except perhaps for Claude Rains.

The contretemps involving Waugh takes place after Wolf has had an argument with Stanley Unwin over his firm’s refusal to publish the British edition of Wolf’s book My Struggle. According to Wikipedia, this is alternative history, since it seems that there was no difficulty finding a publisher for the English translations of the book–indeed, there appears to have been a good bit of competition. After their argument got overheated:

Two of the more burly authors present had materialized beside Unwin and were moving on Wolf, who backed away, his face red with anger…He wasn’t afterwards sure who the men were who threw him out: Leslie Charteris and Evelyn Waugh, perhaps, as unlikely as that pairing may have seemed. They dragged him, still screaming and cursing, outside. They didn’t let go until they reached the end of Museum Street…The two men stood panting above him, and one of them lit a cigarette while coughing. “Forget it, man.” he said. “It’s just a God damned party.” The other [added], “Everybody gets rejected, sometimes.”

Leslie Charteris was the pen name of an the Anglo-Chinese writer best known for his novels involving his “Robin-Hoodish” antihero Simon Templar, known as “the Saint.”  Cecil (or more usually “C S”) Forester was the pen name of the author of the Horatio Hornblower series, as well as dozens of other adventure novels. Whether Waugh knew either of them or their works well enough to chat them up at a party is hard to say.

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Hooper Floribundus

Two religious bloggers have posted extended discussions of Waugh’s works. The Rad Trad has written an essay entitled “The Age of Hooper”. This opens with Waugh’s own introduction of Hooper and his foibles to the readers of Brideshead Revisited:

“…Hooper was no romantic. He had not as a child ridden with Rupert’s horse or sat among the camp fires at Xanthus-side; at the age when my eyes were dry to all save poetry—that stoic, red-skin interlude which our schools introduce between the fast flowing tears of the child and the man—Hooper had wept often, but never for Henry’s speech on St. Crispin’s Day, nor for the epitaph at Thermopylae. The history they taught him had had few battles in it but, instead, a profusion of detail about humane legislation and recent industrial change. Gallipoli, Balaclava, Quebec, Lepanto, Bannockburn, Roncevales, and Marathon—these, and the Battle in the West where Arthur fell, and a hundred such names whose trumpet-notes, even now in my sere and lawless state, called to me irresistibly across the intervening years with all the clarity and strength of boyhood, sounded in vain to Hooper. He seldom complained.”

The passage comes from the Prologue to the novel. The blogger goes on to trace the elements of “Hooperism” in many present day Roman Catholics. For example:

I do not know what young Catholics today actually learn, but my brief experience with teenage preparation for Confirmation suggests that it is nothing much beyond vague sentimentalities about God’s love….Hooper would be barely sensible to the shipwrecks of Paul, the exile of Athanasius, the trial of Formosus, the conversion of Augustine, and the death of Joan of Arc. Annoyance and sentimentality are the only passions left to the Hoopers of the world. Greatness is quite literally unimaginable to them, whether that greatness be heavenly or hellish; Paradise is bland and the Inferno desolate. Heroism and hedonism alike hold no appeal for Hooper.

The essay concludes with an interesting consideration of how early Christians were inspired by the writings of Virgil and supposes that would be unlikely to happen today.

Another blogger on the religious-historical website EdgeInducedCohesion.blog has recently posted reviews of two of Waugh’s books (Scoop and Decline & Fall) and earlier posted one on Put Out More Flags. These contain some interesting insights. Here’s an example from POMF:

This is decidedly dark material for a comic novel. That said, it is very funny, if one has a sardonic and cynical sense of humor. Since I do, the novel was easy to read and quite entertaining in a somewhat unpleasant way. …  If you like biting and satirical British novels showing corrupt human nature in wartime, this is a suitable black comedy to read, and reread, in moments of extreme cynicism

Finally, writing in the Cincinnati Enquirer, professor of theology Kenneth Craycraft reminds readers of the origins of the feast day of Christ the King which is celebrated on the last Sunday before Advent. That was 26 November this year. The commemoration was created by Pope Pius XI in 1925 to remind Christians of the importance of putting religious beliefs above those of nationalism which had resulted in the carnage of WWI. Similar motivations also inspired literary works of the same era, as explained in the Enquirer article:

Pope Pius was not alone in his diagnosis of the moral crises in the events leading up to the war, and the immediate aftermath of it. Novelists such as Ernest Hemingway (“The Sun Also Rises”), Erich Maria Remarque (“All Quiet on the Western Front”), and Evelyn Waugh (“Vile Bodies”) wrestled with the emptiness of the rising secular ethos that led to the war, and which continued in the vacuous excesses after. Indeed, Waugh’s “bright young things” and Hemingway’s “lost generation” illustrated the unmoored cynicism of those that had endured the trench-warfare horror described through Remarque’s jaded and psychologically wounded soldiers. They drift from one meaningless folly to another, with no sense of transcendent purpose. Whether through indifference or disillusionment, the rudderless post-war generation cried out for a restoration of meaning to human striving.

 

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Story from The Isis; Tweets from 1939

Oxford’s literary magazine The Isis has reprinted a story it published by Evelyn Waugh. This was his first and apparently his only story published in that journal, but it was followed by several in Cherwell, according to Ann Pasternak Slater’s 1998 Everyman edition of The Complete Short Stories. It appeared in The Isis issue for 30 May 1923 and is entitled “Portrait of Young Man with Career”. The story is signed “Scaramel”, but there is no attempt at anonymity since, in the text, its narrator refers to himself as “Evelyn”, and he has a friend named Richard Pares. The latest issue of The Isis also includes a short essay entitled “Cyril Connolly and Horizon Magazine”.

Speaking of Cherwell, that publication also continues to thrive at Oxford and recently published a notice seeking new contributors which prominently displayed Evelyn Waugh among its past authors. Others named in the solicitation included Graham Greene and Michael Crick.

Finnally, a new page has been opened on Twitter (@RealTimeWWII) for entries as from WWII. These two were posted from “Evelyn Waugh” :

1.UK author Evelyn Waugh (36) has volunteered for the army. “At the medical board. Had my eyes tested & did deplorably. Doctor: ‘Let’s see your birthday suit. Ah, middle-aged spread. Do you wear dentures?'”

2.”Afterwards, in my taxi to the Admiralty I unsealed my letter found I was unfit for service.” Despite failing medical, Waugh’s been made an officer in the Royal Marines.

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Wavian Echoes from WWII

Milena Borden sends this posting:

Last week, the UN war times tribunal in The Hague sentenced General Ratko Mladić, of the Jugoslav People’s Army (JNA) and the military commander of the Bosnian Serb forces in the 1990s, to life imprisonment. He was found guilty of genocide, with the Srebrenica massacre he was responsible for in 1995 being the worst in Europe since the end of the Second World War. The JNA originated from the partisan movement (1941-1945) led by the communist Tito.

Evelyn Waugh took part in the British Special Executive Operations (SEO) mission to Yugoslavia in 1944-45 and wrote the following about Tito’s army:

‘The Yugoslav Army of National Liberation, popularly called ‘Partisans’, is an organised, revolutionary army whose main characteristics are extreme youth, ignorance, hardiness, pride in the immediate future, intolerance of dissent, xenophobia, comradeship, sobriety, chastity.’ (Foreign Office Report,‘Church and State in Liberated Croatia, Part 2. The Party’, 1945).

The report was published in The Salisbury Review, September 1992, p. 10, as “Catholic Croatia under Tito’s Heel.”

The history of the subsequent fifty years saw the recreation of the federation under communist leadership with nationalist, social, economic problems and constitutional crisis creating conditions for Yugoslavia to fall apart with ethnic cleansing and mass terror accompanying the wars in the 1990s. Back in 1945 Waugh questioned the British support for the emerging symbiosis between army and party of which Mladić’s career has been an example.

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Sotheby’s to Sell Small Waugh Collection

Sotheby’s London has scheduled a the sale of small collection of signed copies and first editions of books by Evelyn Waugh on 11-12 December. These are apparently from a larger otherwise unidentified Hampstead Collection of two collectors living in that district. There are seven books (lots 219-225), three of which were gifts to the Lygon sisters, Mary (“Blondy” or “Maimie”) and Dorothy (“Poll”,”Pollen” or “Coote”) . The most interesting of these is a limited first edition of Black Mischief (lot 220) inscribed “For Sweet Blondy/with best love from”, then initialed below inside a swastika “B-O” on top corners and “Z-A” on the bottom corners. “Bo” was short for “Boaz” and, according to a comment from a reader (see below), the letters inside the swastika would spell “BOAZ” if read clockwise. See link. Waugh had written much of Black Mischief while staying at the Lygons’ home at Madresfield Court, but the use of the swastika in the signature is odd since it was the Mitford sisters (or some of them) who were Nazi sympathizers, not the Lygons. Any readers are welcome to comment below on these points.

UPDATE: Includes edits based on an interpretation from a reader. See comment below.

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Cecil Beaton Film and Graham Greene Radio Drama

The director of a new documentary film about Cecil Beaton discusses his life in an article in The Times: “The dark side of Cecil Beaton.” This is Lisa Immordino Vreeland and her film is entitled Love, Cecil. Here’s an excerpt from the article by Nancy Durant:

School was moderately unpleasant — and the source of his lifelong enmity with Evelyn Waugh, a fellow pupil at Heath Mount Preparatory School in Hertfordshire, who recalled with some relish the torment he and his friends meted out to Beaton — but university supplied him with the first opportunity to indulge his talent for reinvention.

The film will be released next week in selected cinemas and a DVD will be issued on 11 December. Vreeland has also written a book by the same title that was published last month.

In another paper, D J Taylor discusses a BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Graham Greene’s novel A Burnt-Out Case. Taylor’s review (“Lost in Africa”) is published in The Tablet and opens with this reference to Evelyn Waugh:

According to fellow Catholic Evelyn Waugh, A Burnt-Out Case (1960) was the novel in which Graham Greene recanted his faith. If the jury is still out on that charge, then to listen to the first instalment of Nick Warburton’s excellent two-part dramatisation (19 November) was to be struck by the absolutely elemental nature of the landscapes on display. Physical and spiritual terrain alike had been remorselessly pruned back – so remorselessly that, as very often happens in Greene-land, you sometimes suspected that there was hardly any space left in which the characters could manoeuvre.

In his review Taylor goes on to describe the story and the challenges of the radio adaptation. The first episode is available to monitor on BBC iPlayer,  and Episode 2 will be broadcast on Sunday 25 November at 1500 pm, to be posted on iPlayer thereafter. Waugh did not review Greene’s novel but did discuss it with Greene in their correspondence. Relevant excerpts from both sides of that correspondence appear in Norman Sherry, The Life of Graham Greene: Volume III 1995-1991 (New York, 2004, pp. 267-69). Waugh also mentions the novel in a 1962 Sunday Times article entitled “Sloth” (EAR, pp. 573-74).

 

 

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New Book on Waugh’s Oxford Announced

The Bodleian Library of Oxford University has announced the publication next year of a new book to be entitled Evelyn Waugh’s Oxford. This is written by Barbara Cooke, lecturer at Loughborough University and editor at Complete Works of Evelyn Waugh. It will feature illustrations by Amy Dodd. According to a description on the internet:

This book explores in rich visual detail the abiding importance of Oxford as both location and experience in his literary and visual works. Drawing on specially commissioned illustrations and previously unpublished photographic material, it provides a critically robust assessment of Waugh’s engagement with Oxford over the course of his literary career. Following a brief overview of Waugh’s life and work, subsequent chapters look at the prose and graphic art Waugh produced as an undergraduate together with Oxford’s portrayal in Brideshead Revisited and A Little Learning as well as broader conceptual concerns of religion, sexuality and idealised time. A specially commissioned, hand-drawn trail around Evelyn Waugh’s Oxford guides the reader around the city Waugh knew and loved through locations such as the Botanic Garden, the Oxford Union and The Chequers

The 176-page book is available for pre-order from Amazon.co.uk and can be ordered for delivery to the USA. It will be published on 16 March 2018 and will retail for £20.00. Dr Cooke curated the Bodleian’s exhibit of Evelyn Waugh materials earlier this year entitled “City of Acquatint” and co-edited vol. 19 of the Complete Works containing Waugh’s autobiography A Little Learning. That book concluded with Waugh’s description of his Oxford undergraduate years.

In addition, Waugh’s German-language publisher Diogenes Verlag has announced the issuance of a translation of Remote People. This will be published next Spring as Expeditionen eines englischen Gentleman. This may be the first publication of the full text of this book in German. Portions were previously published in Als das Reisen schön war in 1949 (When the Going Was Good in English). Here’s a translation by Google Translate of the announcement:

Very spontaneously, Evelyn Waugh decided to head to Addis Ababa to attend and report on the coronation of Haile Selassie. The world press puffed up this event and described the ceremony in the brightest colors. But as expected, Evelyn Waugh saw things differently and reported us very serene and with extremely dry humor about how he sees the matter.

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