Roundup: Baby Jungman, Proust, Japan and Zeppelins

–Mark McGinness has written an obituary of Desmond Guinness for the Australian literary magazine Quadrant. In this he adds another Waugh connection not mentioned in the English and Irish papers. See previous post. After his marriage to his first wife Marie-Gabrielle von Urach ended in the 1960s Desmond married Penny Cuthbertson in 1973 who brought another Waugh connection:

…Penny was the only daughter of Waugh’s […] great love, Teresa (‘Baby’) Jungman. She and elder sister Zita were the very last of the Bright Young Things, and having sold their house in 1990, applied for rooms in a convent. They were presented with a questionnaire. The first question was: “Are you incontinent?” They had no idea what this meant, but imagined it must be a good thing and answered: “Yes, very.” Both were refused admission. In 1995 they joined Desmond and Penny, settling in a cottage built in the grounds of Leixlip and lived there happily until they were 102.

–In a recent article posted by Standpoint magazine, Christopher Prendergast considers the English reception of Marcel Proust’s works over the years. It has  been a problematic subject, and Evelyn Waugh was a contributor to the controversy:

…Where the reception of Proust is concerned, the English have form. It would be a truth pretty well universally acknowledged that À la recherche du temps perdu is a “masterpiece” were, for example, it not for the undiluted nonsense of Evelyn Waugh. In a letter to John Betjeman, he wrote of Proust, “the chap was plain barmy”. His barminess, Waugh maintained, consisted in being constitutionally unable or wilfully refusing to narrate things in the right order. In another letter, joshing with Nancy Mitford, Waugh casts the barmy chap as a lamebrain simpleton: “I am reading Proust for the first time—in English of course—and am surprised to find him a mental defective. No one warned me of that. He has absolutely no sense of time.” Proust suffered from all manner of ailments, but dyschronometria certainly wasn’t one of them. The challenge here lies in swallowing one’s astonishment at the number of times Brideshead Revisited has been described as “Proustian” without throwing up.

The article goes on to note that there were English writers such as Waugh’s friends Anthony Powell and Cyril Connolly who admired Proust and at one time there were even those who thought reading his long novel might be good for one’s mental health. The article continues with a fairly detailed discussion of last year’s BBC radio adaptation of Proust’s novel featuring actors such as Simon Russell Beale and Derek Jacobi in leading roles. It concludes on a lighter note, reminding us of the contribution to Proust’s English critical heritage by Monty Python’s Flying Circus; this was, of course, the “All-England Summarize Proust Competition.” Thanks to Dave Lull for sending a link to the Standpoint article.

–The first volume of Waugh’s war trilogy, Men at Arms has been published in a Japanese translation. The translator is Dr Taichi Koyama who received an English Literature PhD at the University of Kent, where he wrote his dissertation on Anthony Powell, which was later published in English. The translation of Waugh’s trilogy is based on the text of Sword of Honour and will be annotated to show, inter alia, substantive changes from the individual volumes. Several of Waugh’s other works are also available in Japanese translations: these include Brideshead Revisited, The Loved One, Pinfold, A Handful of Dust, Short Stories and, most recently, Scoop.

The Japanese version of Men at Arms is published by Ex Libris Classics in a handsome hardback edition. We can only hope that there will be reviews in the Japanese language media, and, if any of our readers see these, we would appreciate it if you could forward a link by commenting as provided below.

–A military history website (WeaponsandWarfare.com) has posted an article about the German bombing of London during WWI. This began in May 1915 and the bombs were delivered by Zeppelin airships. Among the descriptions of these attacks quoted in the article are those by Cynthia Asquith, Arnold Bennett and Evelyn Waugh who was then a child of about 12 and wrote this in his schoolboy diary:

“Alec [his elder brother] woke me up in the night at about 11 o‘clock saying the zeps had come. We came downstairs and the special constable was rushing about yelling ‘Lights out’ and telling us the zeppelin was right overhead. We heard two bombs and then the Parliament Hill guns were going and the zep went away in their smoke cloud to do some baby-killing elsewhere.” [CWEW, v. 30, Precocious Waughs, p. 77 (Diary, 8 Sept 1915)].

Recalling these events almost fifty years later, the now famous author recalled that the raids did not seem dangerous:

“No bomb fell within a mile of us, but the alarms were agreeable occasions when I was brought down from bed and regaled with an uncovenanted picnic. I was quite unconscious of danger, which was indeed negligible. On summer nights we sat in the garden [. . .] On a splendid occasion I saw one brought down, sinking very slowly in brilliant flame, and joined those who were cheering in the road outside.” [CWEW, v. 19, A Little Learning, p. 78.]

–The ITV network will tonight begin the much awaited drama series The Singapore Grip. This is based on JG Farrell’s 1979 novel and has been compared in many announcements to the works of Evelyn Waugh. Christopher Hampton has adapted it for TV and is quoted in the Daily Telegraph:

Hampton knew Farrell back when the latter was a struggling writer living in a bedsit in Notting Hill in the 1970s, and considers his death to have robbed English literature of the natural successor to Evelyn Waugh. “He has that ruefulness, and beady eye for the faults and foibles of the people he’s writing about,” says Hampton, although “he’s more compassionate than Waugh.”

Radio Times also makes this comparison based on an interview with Luke Treadaway who appears in the production:

As with Waugh’s greatest fiction, the six-part series moves from satire to romance to deep gnawing tragedy. “There’s something quite karmic about these characters, who have gone around the world taking what they want from the local people, suddenly realising that they can’t actually escape,” says Treadaway.

The first of six episodes will be broadcast on ITV tonight (13 September 2020) at 9pm on ITV. It will be available thereafter to stream on itvPlayer. A UK internet connection is required. Release information for other markets is unavailable at present.

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Castle Howard Exhibition: Brideshead Revisited at 75

The Castle Howard website features a fully and handsomely illustrated exhibition of photos from the two film adaptations of Brideshead Revisited and other related sources. This illustrates in part how the two adaptations are similar in some respects and how they differ in others. It also shows how two different illustrators made renderings of Brideshead Castle which look remarkably like Castle Howard even though they were drawn many years before either film was made. They were merely putting on paper the structures that Waugh had put into words. Photos from other settings such as Oxford, Madresfield Court and Venice are also shown in the context of their appearances in the novel and films. Another very interesting exhibit shows how and explains why the two adaptations used different approach roads to the house for their exteriors.

The exhibition’s introduction explains:

Castle Howard has a very special association with the story since it was used as location for Brideshead in the celebrated Granada Television series of 1981, and the Miramax movie version in 2008. For many people Castle Howard simply is Brideshead; it is a place where fact and fiction mingle.

Due to Coronavirus restrictions the house is currently closed, and the exhibition has now been posted online. We hope you will enjoy the story of Brideshead and Castle Howard, and we look forward to welcoming you back to the house at some point in the future.

The Brideshead anniversary festival for June 2020 has been cancelled and we are currently exploring if it is possible to re-schedule the event.

 

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Presentation Copy of Brideshead On Offer

London booksellers Peter Harrington have a 1945 copy of Brideshead Revisited on offer. This is a presentation copy to Mgr Alfred Gilbey, chaplain to Roman Catholic students at Fisher House, Cambridge University. There is also an unpublished letter from Waugh relating to an upcoming lecture he will give at Fisher House. This is explained on Harrington’s website which also posts detailed photos of the book and a copy of the letter:

An excellent presentation copy of Waugh’s most enduring novel, inscribed by him on the title page to the Catholic chaplain of Cambridge University, “Alfred Gilbey from Evelyn Waugh 1945”, and with an accompanying autograph letter signed presenting the book. Monsignor Alfred Gilbey (1932-1965) was chaplain of Fisher House, the Catholic Chaplaincy to the University of Cambridge.

The accompanying letter, which is signed “Yours ever Evelyn”, is dated 16 October and confirms his forthcoming lecture “to the Fisher on Nov 18th”. “I wonder if you saw this novel of mine. They only printed about a dozen copies so most of my friends never read it. I managed to get hold of a copy the other day. Here it is.” He also asks after present members at Fisher House, which had been converted to a rehabilitation centre for wounded RAF personnel, “Ex-service 25 years old? Invalid? Young men doing courses in telegraphy from the R.A.F.?”.

This copy is of the “Revised Edition”, the second trade edition, published in the same year as the first.

Waugh reports on his visit to Cambridge in his diary entry for 21 November 1945:

…a day devoted to irksome duty […] talking to humourless, grubby undergraduates. The audience at the Fisher seemed largely non-Catholic. I was asked many questions, many irrelevant or unintelligible; again, I was assured with apparent sincerity that the paper had been an unusual success. [Diaries, p. 638]

In an earlier entry, he explained that he was giving the same talk to undergraduates in Oxford and London. The paper was about the “Yugoslav situation” (he described an early version as “feeble”), but it does not seem to have been published contemporaneously in the print media. (Bibliography, pp. 95-96).

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Tourist in Africa OUP Volume Announced

The Oxford University Press has announced the publication of another new volume in its Complete Works of Evelyn Waugh project. This is A Tourist in Africa (1960) and will be volume 25 in the series. Here’s the description from the OUP’s UK website:

A Tourist in Africa was Evelyn Waugh’s final travel book, and one of his most interesting. Restless and intolerant of the English winter, Waugh boards the Pendennis Castle for East Africa by way of Italy and Suez, going on to retrace the routes of journeys he took as a much younger man through Kenya, Tanganyika, the Rhodesias, and other East African countries. He embarks on his trip at the very moment when many of these countries are beginning to assert their independence after decades of British rule. As he travels, Waugh contemplates the changing face of an Africa he has known intimately as well as his own increasingly awkward fit in the modern world. Even as he contends with his own encroaching age and the unwelcome changes to international travel, his usual zest for adventure and discovery asserts itself at every turn. A much better sailor than flyer, Waugh laments the impending eclipse of sea travel as well as the declining appetite for danger and daring he witnesses in some of his companions. This edition provides hundreds of contextual notes to illuminate the historical, cultural, and biographical details of most interest to readers of Waugh, travel writing, and African history; a complete textual history which traces every change made to the text from Waugh’s first drafts to the first published British and American editions; new and original illustrations; and a thorough but eminently readable introduction by Patrick R. Query.

The OUP announcement also provides this information about the editor of this volume:

Patrick R. Query is the author of Ritual and the Idea of Europe in Interwar Writing. He was formerly Secretary of the Evelyn Waugh Society and co-editor of Evelyn Waugh Studies. He is a Professor of English at the U. S. Military Academy in West Point, New York.

The estimated UK publication date is 25 February 2021 and the price is £85.00. Details are posted at this link.  USA publication information is not yet available. This volume will follow November’s UK publication of Waugh’s 1950 novel Helena (USA date is January 2021).

UPDATE (10 October 2020). The US publication date for A Tourist In Africa is 25 April 2021 and the price is $110. It is available for sale from Amazon.com.

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Waugh’s Orwellian Dystopia

The Orwell Society has posted an interesting essay on the friendship of Evelyn Waugh and George Orwell with special reference to how Waugh’s 1953 novella Love Among the Ruins was intended as a response to Orwell’s 1948 novel 1984. This is entitled “Orwell in the Waugh-zone” and is written by Richard Lance Keeble who is a previous chairman of The Orwell Society and has written several books as well as articles on Orwell and his works. The essay begins with this:

Throughout his writing career, George Orwell maintained a constant critique of Roman Catholics. There was one major exception: Evelyn Waugh. This essay explores the extraordinary Orwell-Waugh relationship, the study Orwell was planning on Waugh in the months immediately before he died, their meetings and correspondence – and the much-neglected witty, dystopian novella, Love Among the Ruins which Waugh composed in the early 1950s as a sort of tribute to the author of the recently published Nineteen Eighty-Four.

The essay is well written and annotated throughout but perhaps the most interesting and original contribution is the analysis of how Waugh specifically responded to elements of 1984 in his later novella. These responses were actually outlined in a letter Waugh sent to Orwell thanking him for a copy of 1984:

In a letter to Orwell of 17 July 1949, Waugh says he has read Nineteen Eighty-Four with great admiration. But he suggests in his treatment of Winston’s soul ‘the metaphysic are wrong’ and that the novel is spurious because it fails to acknowledge the existence of the Church. Perhaps reflecting on the scenes towards the end of the novel in which Winston is tortured in Room 101 by O’Brien, Waugh’s concludes that ‘men who love a crucified God need never think of torture as all-powerful’ (ibid: 157). [Letters, p. 302]

Keeble searches the text of Love Among the Ruins to show how Waugh fleshed out these issues in his own dystopian novel, something David Lebedoff did not do in his 2008 book The Same Man: Orwell and Waugh.

Waugh’s novella is collected in his Complete Short Stories.

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Ronald Harwood (1934-2020) R I P

The Daily Telegraph has an obituary of Ronald Harwood, noted primarily as a writer of screenplays based on adaptations of novels or plays.  These adaptations include such well-received films as the Oscar-winning The Pianist (2003), One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1971) and his own screen adaptation of his stage play The Dresser (1980 stage, 1983 screen). But he also wrote several novels as well as a biography of Donald Wolfit whom he met while a student at RADA and who gave him his first break in the theatre by hiring him to perform various tasks in his touring stage company.

It is not well known today but is mentioned by the Telegraph that Harwood’s first success as a playwright had a Waugh connection:

It was at the Royal Exchange [Manchester] that he enjoyed his first major success in the theatre, adapting Evelyn Waugh’s The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold (1977), before his play The Dresser, originally starring Freddie Jones as “Sir”, and Courtenay as Norman, ensured that the theatre profession far beyond Manchester took him seriously.

As mentioned in the obituary in The Times, after opening in Manchester, Pinfold moved to London. That production was performed at The Roundhouse with Michael Hordern playing Pinfold to high acclaim.  It’s to be regretted that Harwood never adapted Pinfold for the screen or TV. It should be the ideal length and content for such a production and the dialogue is already at hand in the stage adaptation. According to Wikipedia, there was a radio adaptation on the BBC in 1960 during Waugh’s lifetime but he didn’t listen in. This was by Michael Bakewell and was reportedly well received.

 

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National Review’s Scoop Podcast

National Review has posted a 30 minute podcast devoted to Waugh’s 1938 novel Scoop. In the podcast NR’s John J Miller interviews Christopher Scalia of the American Enterprise Institute. Both participants are familiar with the book as well as Evelyn Waugh’s other works. Even to one who has read the novel several times, the discussion was refreshing, entertaining and often quite funny.

The only small misstep is they did not reveal the complete meaning of “Laku” to which the senior journalist Hitchcock is supposed to have travelled. It actually means “I don’t know” in Ishmaelian, as I recall, and appears on local maps to denote places unknown to the mapmakers. One passage they don’t discuss is William’s attempt to preserve the secrecy of his cable messages back to The Daily Beast by transmitting them in Latin and, in general, the humor inherent in journalistic telegraphese. But otherwise, in a fairly short time, they manage to give one a good idea of what the book is about and why it should be read. The podcast is episode No 146 in NR’s  The Great Books series and is available at this link.

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Labor Day Roundup

–Sebastian Payne writing in the Financial Times describes a non-boring dinner party of his own contrivance. The venue will be Riley’s Fish Shack at Tynemouth on the northeast coast of England and the chef will be Adam Riley, apparently owner and proprietor of that establishment. While it sounds rather downmarket, Payne is confident it is the right choice. First to arrive is hostess Katherine Graham, late owner of the Washington Post, and then, Michael Heseltine, well known politician from the Thatcher era:

An unlikely duo follow. Moving creakily, sniffily ignoring the man beside him, is Evelyn Waugh. After the long car journey from Somerset, the novelist is buoyed along only by the glimpse of the drinks trolley. He has recently completed his finest work, Brideshead Revisited, yet remains utterly irascible. Accompanying him is an artist also enjoying acclaim. Miles Davis has shocked the jazz scene with his move to intense, rock-influenced music. As they approach the shack, he attempts, in his familiar rasp, to convince Waugh of the merits of his compositions. The author will have none of it, describing all jazz as “shallow”. Even when they are plied with drinks, my early attempt to bridge relations fails.

Another politcian then joins in. This is Barbara Castle, veteran member of the Labour party and “ardent socialist”.

[…] After the first round of seafood is swept away, Craster kipper wraps are delivered with bottles of dry-as-a-fishbone 2007 Haus Klosterberg Riesling. Waugh is now well into his stride, tearing into Castle for her efforts to protect lives with seatbelts and Breathalyser tests. “How is a fellow meant to get home when he is tight and the police are lurking behind the bushes?” he yells. Davis barks in agreement, but Heseltine suggests the writer might “stop being such an arse”.

After reciting the various courses and the guests’ reaction to them (and to each other), Payne concludes

With the sun rising over the North Sea, the final drops are emptied from the 20-year-old Ledaig malt and the soft notes of Davis’s horn echo around the bay. Waugh is soundly asleep and Castle has bustled back to Westminster. Heseltine, Davis, Graham and yours truly remain in intense discussion. Affirmation in each other, amid this seaside beauty, has been achieved.

–The Irish Times has an article by Donald Clarke which considers the likelihood and advisability of the announcement of new BBC director Tim Davie that he is going to seek more political balance in the network’s comedy programing. Clarke offers an analysis which seems to suggest that, if political balance is a valid goal of comedic content (a point he doesn’t necessarily concede), then Davie has a daunting task ahead of him. After reviewing the pronounced leftwing bias of TV comedy in both the UK and US media, Clarke writes:

This is not to suggest there have been no funny right-wing British artists. Evelyn Waugh, arguably the greatest comic novelist of the 20th century, once expressed his disappointment that, after receiving his vote in repeated elections, “the Conservative Party have never put the clock back a single second”. He supported hanging for a bewildering number of offences. Yet the jokes in his novels Decline and Fall and A Handful of Dust are as ruthlessly funny as any in the language. Kingsley Amis, his immediate successor as comic novelist in chief, began his career as a communist and ended it as a near-demented admirer of Margaret Thatcher. […] The Old Devils, published deep into his reactionary years, is no less amusing for its author’s apparent hatred of – to quote Waugh in The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold – “everything . . . that had happened in his own lifetime”.

–The OUPBlog has posted a notice about a new publication. This is entitled The Spirit of the Blitz: Home Intelligence and British Morale. The notice is written by one of the book’s authors, Jeremy Crang, and opens with this:

During the Second World War, the morale of the British public was clandestinely monitored by Home Intelligence, a unit of the government’s Ministry of Information that kept a close watch on the nation’s reaction to events. Intelligence from a wide range of sources and every region of the United Kingdom was collected and analysed by a small team of officials, based at the Senate House of the University of London. The team compiled regular reports on the state of popular morale. The reports covering the Blitz, which began with the mass bombing of London on 7 September 1940 and continued until May 1941, provide a unique window into the mindset of the British at a momentous time in their history.

The story of the Home Intelligence unit during this period is reminiscent of an Evelyn Waugh novel. It’s the tale of a group of unorthodox wartime civil servants, headed firstly by Mary Adams (a pre-war television producer) and then by Stephen Taylor (a neuropsychiatrist), who analysed the data and compiled the reports. One of the unit’s chief sources was the social research organization, Mass Observation, run by Tom Harrisson, a self-taught anthropologist and buccaneering self-publicist who had taken part in expeditions to the South Seas and made friends with cannibals.

The Home Intelligence group is more than “reminiscent” of an Evelyn Waugh novel. It actually appears thinly disguised in his 1942 novel of the phoney war, Put Out More Flags. This sounds very much like the department of the Ministry of Information where Ambrose Silk works for Mr Bentley in the novel. It was also located in the Senate House.

–In the final article of a series in The Tablet about the writings of Walker Percy, Fr Robert Lauder includes this:

Both Percy and Flannery O’Connor claimed when a contemporary storyteller told a story with a religious message, the author was taking a chance because society had become so secular, readers would miss the religious dimension of the story. I have seen that happen more than once. Occasionally even the critics miss the message. One of the most discouraging examples I can think of involves Evelyn Waugh’s masterpiece “Brideshead Revisited.” There was an 11-part series on television dramatizing the novel that was the best series I have ever seen on television. There was also a feature film version that played in theatres years after the television series. I once met the star of the series, Jeremy Irons, and I congratulated him on what a magnificent production it was. He asked me, “Did we get the religious part right?” I assured him that the production beautifully captured Waugh’s Catholic vision. Irons was delighted and said, “We tried very hard.” The version that played in theatres was incredibly bad. Its creators missed the religious dimension of Waugh’s novel completely.

–Finally, Durham University has posted on an internet site an audio file of the talk given by Martin Stannard last year about Evelyn Waugh’s travels in the USA. The talk is entitled: “Evelyn Waugh, Catholicism and America.” See previous post. It is available at this link.

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New Biography of Graham Greene

A new biography of Graham Greene has been published. The UK edition is entitled Russian Roulette and is written by Richard Greene (no relation but editor of a collection of Graham’s letters). The book is reviewed in the Sunday Times by John Walsh who opens with a description of how Greene in 1948 introduced a teenage Michael Korda to drink, spying and sex on a single yachting trip:

It’s easy to see why Greene’s wicked-uncle sophistication, his familiarity with both yachting film stars and hookers on shore, persuaded the awestruck Korda to become a writer. But it’s puzzling to read, eight pages later in this new biography, Evelyn Waugh’s diary entry that describes a quite different figure. “Mass at 12 at Farm Street where I met the shambling, unshaven and … penniless figure of Graham Greene. He had been suddenly moved by love of Africa and emptied the contents of his pockets into the box for African missions.”

Walsh then continues with a a discussion of the contradictions exhibited in both Greene’s life and his writings. The review concludes:

The book, elegantly sliced into 78 chapters, bounds along with fluency, clarity and wry humour. It doesn’t deliver startling revelations to eclipse Norman Sherry’s three-volume authorised life, but its agenda is clear. Greene concentrates on his namesake’s emotional involvement with victims of oppression in the world’s poorest countries and the Cold War […]  He rescues Greene from seediness and coldness. And he lets you hear an echo of the character in The Quiet American who says: “Sooner or later one has to take sides. If one is to remain human.”

The diary entry is for 11 January 1948 (Diaries, p. 694).

The Greene biography is also reviewed in the Evening Standard. This is by Ian Thomson who begins by noting the high bar set for biographer’s by Norman Sherry’s 30-year effort written during Greene’s lifetime:

Several biographers have tried but failed to topple Sherry’s monopoly. Michael Shelden, publishing his life in the mid-Nineties, sought to arraign Greene on charges of sadism, anti-Semitism and alcoholism. Anthony Mockler offered a Boy’s Own hagiography and fancifully imagined Greene on his Lake Geneva deathbed: “Graham looked out of the antiseptic room over the sterile Swiss sky. No vultures gazed back…” Thank goodness for Richard Greene, whose splendid one-volume biography offers a succinct counterbalance to Sherry’s inedible trifle and conjures the man Evelyn Waugh nicknamed “Grisjambon Vert” (French for “grey ham green”) in all his perplexing variety. Where Sherry is tactless and indecorous, Richard Greene (no relation) is respectful and considered. Crisply written, Russian Roulette takes its title from Greene’s vaunted flirtation with suicide as a teenager in Berkhamsted outside London, where his father was a school headmaster. Prone to bouts of self-loathing, he drank heavily, smoked opium and patronised brothels.

Waugh’s nickname was applied in a 1961 letter to Christopher Sykes referring to Greene’s recently published “very sorrowful” novel A Burnt-Out Case (Letters, p. 556). The new biography has already appeared in the UK and will be published in the USA early next year under the title The Unquiet Englishman.

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Graham Greene and Waugh Discuss Powell Novel

In the latest installment of imaginary encounters among Evelyn Waugh and his Oxford friends at the Castle Howard Brideshead Festival, Duncan McLaren has Graham Greene and Evelyn Waugh discuss Anthony Powell’s 1971 novel Books Do Furnish a Room. This was the 10th volume of Powell’s 12-novel cycle Dance to the Music of Time. The book is set in literary London during 1945-47. The Waugh/Greene discussion begins with the funeral that opens Powell’s novel. This follows the death of the character Erridge who is based loosely on George Orwell. Greene and Waugh see some connections between Orwell’s actual funeral (described in Powell’s Memoirs) and that depicted in the novel. But most of their discussion centers on the character X Trapnel, a fictional novelist based heavily on the real life minor novelist Julian Maclaren-Ross, who was known to both Greene and Waugh. Much of the article is taken up with readings from the novel by Waugh interspersed with the two writers then discussing that bit of the text.

Perhaps the most interesting discussion centers on a connection the writers see between Powell’s scene where Kenneth Widmerpool, a central character in Powell’s novel, returns to his flat near Victoria Station to discover that X Trapnel has absconded with  his wife. This scene reminds Evelyn of the flat in Canonbury Square where he was living with his first wife in 1929 when she ran off with John Heygate. Here’s an excerpt:

Waugh: … I think Tony [Powell] had what happened to me in mind when he wrote the scene. After all, he was a close friend of mine at the time, and he heard my side of the story. Moreover, he was on holiday in Germany with John Heygate when they received a telegram from me telling Heygate to come back for She-Evelyn, because our miserable attempt at a reconciliation had failed. And Evelyn Gardner was a close associate of Tony’s too. And he remained good friends with the pair of them. Even writing of their shared life in the Canonbury Square – and easily recognisable flat – in his pre-war book, Agents and Patients. Then returning to the fiasco in volume two of his Memoirs, which is also lying on the table in front of you. Yes?”

Greene: “Yes.”

Waugh: “There are pages and pages about the breakdown of my first marriage in that book.”

Greene: “I think I see what you’re driving at. For at least a few pages in Tony’s Dance, you are Widmerpool. Or you understand yourself to be the failure and humiliation that was Widmerpool, the man who nevertheless kept going.”

There is also a discussion of the scenes set in the premises of the postwar literary magazine known as Fission, clearly based by Powell on Cyril Connolly’s Horizon magazine. In Duncan’s narrative, Greene and Powell see the editor of Fission, “Books” Bagshaw, as based on the shambolic Bobby Roberts (usually associated with a BBC connection) who was known to both Waugh and Powell and probably to Greene as well. Several Powell enthusiasts have favored Malcolm Muggeridge as the primary model for Bagshaw, although there may well be elements of Roberts in him as well. Powell (as did Waugh) usually combined features of several real life acquaintances as well as imaginary ones in creating their most memorable literary characters. Greene may have done so as well, but identifying the models for Greene’s characters never became the sort of literary parlour game that involved identfying those of Powell and Waugh.

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